Reading and Thinking 课文精读 · 烧伤急救
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
第1段
The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins and the sun’s harmful rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. So, as you can imagine, burns can be very serious.
皮肤是身体的重要组成部分，也是人体最大的器官。皮肤是一道屏障，抵御疾病、毒素和太阳有害射线。它还有助于控制体温，防止身体流失过多水分，在外界过热或过冷时发出警告，并让你拥有触觉。所以，正如你能想见的，烧伤可能非常严重。
第2段（烧伤的原因）
You can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation, the sun, electricity, acids, or other chemicals.
许多东西都会造成烧伤：灼热的液体、蒸汽、明火、辐射、太阳光、电流、酸性物质或其他化学品。
第3段（烧伤的种类）
Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage:
· First-degree burns: These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and other minor household accidents.
· Second-degree burns: These affect the top layer of the skin and the second layer as well. These burns are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.
· Third-degree burns: These affect all layers of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under the skin as well. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very serious internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.
根据皮肤损伤的深度，烧伤可分为三类：
· 一度烧伤：仅伤及皮肤最上层几毫米。此类烧伤不严重，例如轻度晒伤和其他轻微的家庭意外。
· 二度烧伤：伤及皮肤表层及第二层。此类烧伤较严重，需要数周才能好转，例如被灼热液体烫伤。
· 三度烧伤：伤及皮肤所有各层，有时甚至波及皮下组织。例如电击灼伤、衣物起火或严重汽油火灾所致。此类烧伤会造成非常严重的内伤，伤者必须立刻送往医院。
第4段（烧伤的特点）
First-degree burns: dry, red, and mildly swollen; mildly painful; turn white when pressed.
Second-degree burns: red and swollen; blisters on the surface; extremely painful.
Third-degree burns: black and white; swollen, with the tissue underneath often visible; little or no pain if the nerves are damaged, though there may be pain around the edges of the burn.
一度烧伤：干燥、发红、微肿；微痛；按压时变白。
二度烧伤：发红、肿胀；表面起水疱；极度疼痛。
三度烧伤：皮肤发黑或变白；肿胀，皮下组织常可见；若神经受损则微痛或无痛，但创面边缘可能疼痛。
第5段（急救处理）
1. Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.
2. Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.
3. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
4. Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the skin and may cause infection.
5. If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can still breathe.
6. If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him or her to the hospital at once.
1. 将烧伤部位放在流动的冷水下冲洗，尤其在前十分钟。冷水能阻止灼烧过程，减轻疼痛与肿胀。
2. 用干净的布轻轻吸干烧伤部位。
3. 如有必要，用剪刀剪去衣物，除非衣物粘在烧伤的皮肤上。
4. 用干净、透气的布盖住烧伤处。在伤处涂油不可取，因为油会把热量闷在皮肤里，并可能引起感染。
5. 如果烧伤在脸上，务必确保伤者仍能呼吸。
6. 如果伤者是二度或三度烧伤，必须立刻送医。
二、重点单词
essential adj.：必要的；本质的。an essential part of your body
organ n.：器官。its largest organ（最大的器官）
barrier n.：屏障；障碍。acts as a barrier against disease
toxin n.：毒素；毒物。disease, toxins and rays
radiation n.：辐射；放射线。radiation（辐射）
acid n.：酸。acids or other chemicals
chemical n.：化学物质。other chemicals
variety n.：种类；多样。a variety of things
degree n.：度；程度。first-degree burns（一度烧伤）
millimetre n.：毫米。the top few millimetres
swell v.：肿胀。swollen（肿胀的）
blister n.：水疱。blisters on the surface
tissue n.：组织（生物）。the tissue under the skin
injury n.：损伤；伤害。internal injuries（内伤）
urgent adj.：紧急的。an urgent need（迫切需要）
scissors n.：剪刀。using scissors
fabric n.：织物；布料。the fabric sticking to the skin
infection n.：感染。may cause infection
loose adj.：宽松的；透气的。a loose clean cloth
三、一词多义与熟词生义
organ 常见义"风琴、机关、机构"，课文 its largest organ 指"（身体）器官"。
barrier 常见义"障碍、壁垒（贸易/沟通）"，课文 acts as a barrier against 指"防护屏障"，偏中性/褒义。
degree 常见义"学位、程度"，课文 first-degree / second-degree burns 指"烧伤的（轻/中/重）度"。
tissue 常见义"纸巾（面巾纸）"，课文 the tissue under the skin 指"生物组织（皮下组织）"。
loose 常见义"松的、不牢固的"，课文 a loose clean cloth 指"宽松透气的（布）"，利于伤口散热。
四、重点词块
an essential part of ……的重要组成部分
act as 充当；起……作用
a barrier against 抵御……的屏障
prevent ... from 阻止……做
a variety of 各种各样的
get burnt by 被……烧伤
divide into 把……分成
depending on 取决于；依据
the depth of skin damage 皮肤损伤的深度
affect the top layer 伤及最上层
take a few weeks to 需要几周才……
cause internal injuries 造成内伤
at once 立刻；马上
under cool running water 在流动的冷水下
the burning process 灼烧过程
reduce the pain and swelling 减轻疼痛与肿胀
dry ... gently 轻轻吸干
remove any clothes 脱掉衣物
stick to 粘在……上
cover ... with 用……覆盖
applying oil 涂抹油膏
keep the heat in 把热量闷在里面
make sure 确保
suffer from 遭受；患有
there is an urgent need to 迫切需要……
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins and the sun’s harmful rays.
【主干】Your skin acts as a barrier.
【分层】against disease, toxins and the sun’s harmful rays 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 barrier，其中 disease / toxins / rays 为并列宾语。
【译文】皮肤是一道抵御疾病、毒素和太阳有害射线的屏障。
【考点】act as 搭配；介词短语后置定语；并列名词。
【原句 2】It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch.
【主干】It helps ..., prevents ..., warns ..., and gives ...
【分层】四个并列谓语（helps / prevents / warns / gives），由 and 连接；prevents ... from losing 为 prevent ... from doing 结构；warns you when ... 中 when 引导时间状语从句。
【译文】它还有助于控制体温，防止身体流失过多水分，在外界过热或过冷时警告你，并让你拥有触觉。
【考点】并列谓语；prevent ... from doing；when 时间状语从句。
【原句 3】Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.
【主干】Burns are divided into three types.
【分层】are divided into 为一般现在时被动语态；depending on the depth of skin damage 为现在分词短语作状语，表"依据"。
【译文】根据皮肤损伤的深度，烧伤被分为三类。
【考点】被动语态；现在分词作状语（表依据）。
【原句 4】Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires.
【主干】Examples include burns.
【分层】caused by ... 为过去分词作后置定语修饰 burns；burning clothes 中 burning 为现在分词作定语修饰 clothes（正在燃烧的）。
【译文】例如包括电击灼伤、燃烧的衣服或严重的汽油火灾造成的烧伤。
【考点】过去分词 caused by 作定语；现在分词 burning 作定语。
【原句 5】Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
【主干】Remove any clothes.
【分层】using scissors 为现在分词作方式状语；if necessary 为省略主谓的条件状语（= if it is necessary）；unless 引导让步/条件状语从句（= if not）；sticking to the burnt skin 为现在分词作后置定语修饰 fabric。
【译文】如有必要，用剪刀剪去衣物，除非衣物粘在烧伤的皮肤上。
【考点】祈使句；现在分词作状语/定语；unless 从句；if necessary 省略。
【原句 6】Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the skin and may cause infection.
【主干】Applying oil is a bad idea.
【分层】Applying oil to the injured areas 为动名词短语作主语；as 引导原因状语从句，内部 keep the heat in 与 may cause 为并列谓语。
【译文】在伤处涂油是个坏主意，因为油会把热量闷在皮肤里，并可能引起感染。
【考点】动名词作主语；as 原因状语从句；并列谓语。
六、语法点清单
1. 一般现在时说明客观事实
全文以一般现在时陈述皮肤功能与急救常识（is, acts, helps, are divided, include），属说明文时态特征。
2. 被动语态与 get done
are divided into；get burnt by；caused by；is suffering from。急救/说明文本常用被动突出"受事"。
3. 并列结构
helps ... prevents ... warns ... gives 四连并列；disease, toxins and rays 三连并列。说明文展开的逻辑骨架。
4. 现在分词作定语与状语
depending on ...（状语）；burning clothes / sticking to ...（定语）。注意 doing 表主动、进行。
5. 祈使句（急救步骤）
Place ... Dry ... Remove ... Cover ... Make sure ...。操作指南类文本的标准句式，简洁指令。
6. 动名词作主语
Applying oil ... is a bad idea。用动名词指"某一行为"作主语，常与建议/评价搭配。
7. 条件与让步（if / unless）
if necessary；unless you see ...；If burns are on the face；If the victim is suffering ...。指南文本的条件分支。
七、逻辑链
引言（第1段）：皮肤重要——屏障/调温/防失水/感知 → 故烧伤不可小觑
↓
原因（第2段）：液体、蒸汽、火、辐射、太阳、电、酸、化学品皆可致伤
↓
分级（第3段）：按深度分三度（一度浅、二度中、三度深及皮下）
↓
特点（第4段）：各度症状对照（颜色/肿胀/水疱/痛感）
↓
急救（第5段）：六步法——冲冷水、轻擦干、剪衣、盖布、面烧保呼吸、重烧速送医
这是一篇典型的"说明+操作指南"：第1—2段讲"为什么严重、由何致伤"；第3—4段用"分类+特征"建立认知框架；第5段以祈使句给出可操作步骤，逻辑严密、实用性强。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：... is an essential part of ... and is its largest ...
课文：The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ.
仿写：The heart is an essential part of your body and is one of its most vital organs.（心脏是身体的重要部分，也是最关键的器官之一。）——用于说明事物重要性。
模板 2：Your skin acts as a barrier against ...
课文：Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins and the sun’s harmful rays.
仿写：Forests act as a barrier against sandstorms and soil loss.（森林充当抵御沙尘暴和土壤流失的屏障。）——act as 表"充当/起……作用"。
模板 3：... are divided into three types, depending on ...
课文：Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.
仿写：Readers are divided into three types, depending on their reading habits.（读者按阅读习惯分为三类。）——用于分类说明。
模板 4：... is a bad idea, as it will ...
课文：Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the skin.
仿写：Skipping breakfast is a bad idea, as it will lower your energy in the morning.（不吃早餐是坏主意，因为这会降低上午的精力。）——动名词主语 + as 原因。
模板 5：If ..., there is an urgent need to ...
课文：If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him to the hospital at once.
仿写：If the river keeps rising, there is an urgent need to move the villagers to safety.（如果河水持续上涨，就迫切需要把村民转移到安全地带。）——用于紧急情况下的必要行动。
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