Unit 5 课文精读 · Humans and Nature（A Sea Story / Race to The Pole）
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
【课文一】A Sea Story 一个海上的故事
引语段
About three years ago, something terrible happened to me.
大约三年前，我遭遇了一件可怕的事情。
第1段
That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. You think I am a very old man—but I am not. It took less than a single day to change my hair from black to white.
那一天，我的身体和灵魂只用了六个小时就支离破碎了。你以为我是个很老的人，但我不是。不到一天的时间，我的头发就从黑变白了。
第2段
One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. All at once, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. A huge wave covered our boat and my younger brother fell into the sea. My elder brother put his mouth close to my ear and cried out "Moskoe-strom!" The moment I heard the word I became very frightened. I knew what he meant by that one word well enough.
有一天，我和我的两个兄弟又去了我们经常去探险的岛屿，抓到了比其他人更多的鱼。返回途中，突然，天空被乌云笼罩，刹那间，我们就被卷入了可怕的风暴中。我们的船被巨浪淹没了，我弟弟掉进了海里，我哥哥把嘴贴在我耳朵上，大喊："Moskoe风暴！"一听到这个词，我恐惧至极，就听到这一个词我就明白他的意思了。
第3段
With the wind and waves, we were going in the direction of the whirlpool. We were hopeless. Nothing could save us. I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream. We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool. It may appear strange, but at that moment, when we were on the edge of the whirlpool, I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it. I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. Suddenly, we went over the edge. I thought my life was over. But moment after moment passed, and I was still safe.
伴随着风浪，我们朝着漩涡的方向前进。我们非常无助。没有什么能救我们。我觉得恶心，好像在梦中从山顶上掉下来似的。我们一直旋转，越来越靠近那可怕的漩涡边缘。看起来可能很奇怪，但在那一刻，当我们在漩涡边缘的时候，我觉得自己比向它移动时更平静。我开始想，这样死去是多么地令人惊奇，能看到大自然的力量是多么奇妙。突然，我们越过了边缘。我以为我的生命要结束了。但时间一分一秒地过去，我仍然是安全的。
第4段
The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed. I saw clearly that there were other objects in the whirlpool—trees and barrels. After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself. I then made three important observations. The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down less rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly. So I tied myself to a barrel to help me float. I tried to make my brother understand, but he was too frightened and stayed in the heavy boat. Without waiting, I jumped into the sea to try and escape.
船在巨大漩涡的内部，我们正以极快的速度绕着圈打转。我清楚地看到漩涡里还有其他物体——树木和木桶。过了一会儿，我对漩涡本身产生了好奇。于是我做了三个重要的观察。第一，物体越大，下沉得越快；第二，在两个体积相等的物体之间，圆形物体下沉得较慢；第三，在两个同样大小的物体之间，管状物体下沉得更慢。于是我把自己绑在一个木桶上，好让自己浮起来。我试图让哥哥明白，但他太害怕了，一直待在那条沉重的船里。我没再等下去，纵身跳进海里，试图逃生。
第5段
As you can see, the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. Some time after I left the boat, with my brother in it, it was pulled into the bottom of the whirlpool. Soon after that, the whirlpool became less wild. Then the sky was clear, the wind calmer, and the moon was shining. I was still tied to the barrel and the waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were. In the end, a boat picked me up. I was very tired. The fishermen were very old friends, but they were unable to recognise me. When I told them my story, they did not believe it. Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more than the fishermen did.
如你所见，我能在这里讲这个故事正是因为我做了正确的决定。在我离开后过了一会儿，那只载着我哥哥的船被卷入了漩涡底部。没多久，漩涡就变得不那么狂暴了。然后天空放晴，风平静了下来，月亮在闪闪发光。我仍然跟木桶绑在一起，海浪很快把我带到了其他渔民所在的海域。最后，一条船上的人把我救了起来。我疲惫至极。那些渔夫是我的老朋友，但他们已经认不出我了。当我告诉他们我的故事时，他们并不相信。现在故事讲完了，我并不指望你能比那些渔民更相信我。
【课文二】Race to The Pole 奔向南极的比赛
第1段
On 1 June, 1910, Captain Robert Falcon Scott left London to begin his journey to Antarctica. While he was on the way to Antarctica, he received a message from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen which said he was going south, too. Then the race to the South Pole began!
1910年6月1日，罗伯特·福尔肯·斯科特上校离开了伦敦，开始了去南极洲的行程。在去往南极洲的途中，他收到了挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森的一封信，信中说他也要去南极洲。于是，奔向南极的赛跑就开始了！
第2段
During the polar summer of 1910—1911, both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year. Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. Scott and Amundsen waited anxiously for spring.
在1910—1911年的极地的夏季，两支队伍都建了食品储备点，为来年的旅程做准备。极地的冬季来临，四处一片黑暗。斯科特和阿蒙森焦急地等待春天的到来。
第3段
Amundsen was the first to leave on 8 September, 1911. He had teams of dogs pulling the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this, he made rapid progress. Scott left on 1 November and soon had problems. First, his two sledges broke down and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. After a while, Scott and his men had to push the sledges themselves.
1911年9月8日，阿蒙森第一个动身。他用几队狗拉雪橇，所有的队员都在滑雪板上行进。因此，他进展很快。11月1日，斯科特动身，但很快就出现了问题。先是他的两辆雪橇坏了，后来马匹开始在大雪和严寒的天气下出现严重问题。过了一阵子，斯科特和他的队员不得不自己推雪橇。
第4段
Amundsen reached the Pole on 14 December, 1911 and put a Norwegian flag there. Then he prepared for the return journey. Amundsen and his team arrived safely back to their starting base on 25 January, 1912, ten days ahead of their planned schedule.
1911年12月14日，阿蒙森到达极点，在那里插上了挪威国旗。然后他准备返回。1912年1月25日，阿蒙森和他的团队提前10天安全抵达了他们出发的基地。
第5段
Scott finally arrived at the Pole with four team members on 17 January, 1912.
1912年1月17日，斯科特和四名队员终于到达了极点。
第6段
They were shocked when they saw the Norwegian flag. Scott wrote in his diary: "Well, we have now lost the goal of our ambition and must face 800 miles of hard pushing—and goodbye to most of our dreams."
当看到挪威国旗时，他们非常震惊。斯科特在日记中写道："好吧，我们现在已经失去了我们奋斗的目标，而且必须要面对800英里的艰苦行进——并且要跟我们大多数人的梦想说再见。"
第7段
The return journey was one of the worst in the history of exploration. The men were soon very tired and were running out of food. The weather conditions were terrible. Scott started to realise their hopeless situation: "We are very cheerful, but what each man feels in his heart I can only guess. Putting on our shoes in the morning is getting slower and slower."
他们的回程是探险史上最糟糕的旅程之一。队员们很快就精疲力竭，食物也快吃完了。天气非常糟糕。斯科特开始意识到他们的处境令人绝望："我们很高兴，但每个人内心里的感受我只能猜到。大家早上鞋子穿得越来越慢。"
第8段
However, on their way back they found time to look for rocks. They carried twenty kilos of rocks all the way with them. Later, these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past, the continent of Antarctica was covered by plants.
然而，在回去的路上，他们还花时间去寻找岩石。他们一路上带着二十公斤的石头。后来，通过这些石块可以证实，在遥远的过去，南极洲曾经被植被覆盖。
第9段
Then disaster came. Edgar Evans had a terrible disease and died after a bad fall. The next to go was Captain Oates, who was having great difficulty walking. Scott recorded his death: "He said, 'I am just going outside and may be some time.' ... We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death, but though we tried to stop him, we knew that it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman. We all hope to meet the end with a similar spirit, and certainly the end is not far."
然后灾难来了。埃德加·埃文斯得了一种可怕的疾病，重重地跌倒后去世了。下一个离去的是奥茨船长，他连走路都很困难。斯科特记下了他的死亡："他说，'我要出去一下，可能会待上一会儿。'……我们知道可怜的奥茨正走向死亡，尽管我们曾试图阻止他，但我们都知道这是一个勇敢的人、一个英国绅士的行为。我们都希望能以同样的精神挺到最后，我们也确实快走到最后了。"
第10段
Scott and two of his team members carried on and got within eleven miles of one of their food bases. But then a terrible storm started and they could not leave their tent. Scott spent some of his last hours writing. He wrote a letter full of sadness to his wife Kathleen: "I could tell you lots and lots about this journey. What stories you would have for the boy ... but what a price to pay."
斯科特上校和两名队员继续向前，到达距离食品储备点不足11英里的地方，但随后爆发了一场可怕的风暴，他们无法离开帐篷。在他生命的最后几个小时，斯科特花时间写下一些文字。他写了一封充满悲伤的信给妻子凯瑟琳："关于这次旅行我有太多太多的事情想告诉你。很多你愿意给孩子讲的故事……但付出了多大的代价啊。"
第11段
Scott's diary also told the story of their end: "We are getting weaker and weaker and the end can't be far. It seems a pity, but I do not think I can write more."
斯科特的日记也讲述了他们的结局："我们越来越虚弱，终点可能不远了。非常遗憾，但我想我无法继续写下去了。"
第12段
The news of Scott's death shocked the world. Even Amundsen was moved by Scott's death saying "Captain Scott left a record, for honesty, sincerity, for bravery, for everything that makes a man". Scott had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the great courage shown by Scott and his men made them heroes.
斯科特死亡的消息震惊了全世界。甚至阿蒙森也被斯科特的离世所触动，他说："斯科特上校将永载史册，因为他诚实、真诚、勇敢，并拥有一个男人该有的一切。"斯科特没能赢得极点比赛，但斯科特和他的队员表现出的巨大勇气使他们成为了英雄。
二、重点单词
［课文一 A Sea Story］
soul n.：灵魂，心灵。break my body and soul
break v.：击垮，使破碎。break my body and soul
single adj.：单一的，仅一个的。less than a single day
risk v.：冒险，冒……的风险。where we often risked going
cover v.：覆盖，遮盖；淹没。the sky was covered with dark clouds
wave n.：波浪，海浪。With the wind and waves
storm n.：暴风雨。in a terrible storm
elder adj.：年长的（用于家人）。my elder brother
frightened adj.：害怕的，恐惧的。I became very frightened
whirlpool n.：漩涡。the direction of the whirlpool
direction n.：方向。in the direction of
hopeless adj.：绝望的，无助的。We were hopeless
sick adj.：恶心的，想吐的。I felt sick
edge n.：边缘。the horrible edge of the whirlpool
calm adj.：平静的，镇定的。I felt calmer
amazing adj.：令人惊奇的。how amazing a thing it was
wonderful adj.：奇妙的，精彩的。how wonderful it was
power n.：力量，威力。the power of nature
circle n.：圆圈。going round in circles
speed n.：速度。at great speed
object n.：物体。other objects in the whirlpool
barrel n.：木桶，桶。tied myself to a barrel
curious adj.：好奇的。became curious about
observation n.：观察（结果）。made three important observations
rapidly adv.：快速地，迅速地。the more rapidly they fell
equal adj.：相等的，同样的。of equal extent
extent n.：体积；程度。two objects of equal extent
shape v.：使成形；形状。objects shaped like a tube
tube n.：管子，管状物。shaped like a tube
tie v.：系，绑。tied myself to a barrel
float v.：漂浮。help me float
escape v.：逃脱，逃生。to try and escape
decision n.：决定。I made the right decision
bottom n.：底部。the bottom of the whirlpool
wild adj.：狂暴的，野蛮的。became less wild
shine v.：发光，照耀。the moon was shining
recognise v.：认出，辨认。unable to recognise me
expect v.：期待，指望。I cannot expect you to believe me
［课文二 Race to The Pole］
captain n.：上校，船长，队长。Captain Robert Falcon Scott
explorer n.：探险家。the Norwegian explorer
race n.：竞赛，赛跑。the race to the South Pole
pole n.：极点，地极。reached the Pole
polar adj.：极地的。the polar summer / winter
organise v.：组织，筹备。organised food bases
base n.：基地，储备点。food bases / starting base
preparation n.：准备。in preparation for
total adj.：完全的，彻底的。the total darkness
darkness n.：黑暗。the total darkness of the polar winter
anxiously adv.：焦急地。waited anxiously for spring
sledge n.：雪橇。his two sledges broke down
ski n.：滑雪板。all his men were on skis
rapid adj.：快速的。he made rapid progress
progress n.：进展，进步。made rapid progress
serious adj.：严重的。serious difficulties
push v.：推，推进。had to push the sledges themselves
flag n.：旗帜。put a Norwegian flag there
schedule n.：日程，计划。ahead of their planned schedule
shocked adj.：震惊的。They were shocked
ambition n.：抱负，目标。the goal of our ambition
exploration n.：探险。the history of exploration
condition n.：条件，状况。The weather conditions were terrible
cheerful adj.：高兴的，愉快的。We are very cheerful
disaster n.：灾难，灾祸。Then disaster came
disease n.：疾病。had a terrible disease
record v.：记录，记载。Scott recorded his death
brave adj.：勇敢的。a brave man
gentleman n.：绅士。an English gentleman
spirit n.：精神，气魄。with a similar spirit
tent n.：帐篷。could not leave their tent
sadness n.：悲伤。a letter full of sadness
prove v.：证明，证实。these rocks proved that
continent n.：大陆，洲。the continent of Antarctica
distant adj.：遥远的。in the distant past
courage n.：勇气。the great courage shown by Scott
honesty n.：诚实。for honesty, sincerity, for bravery
sincerity n.：真诚。for honesty, sincerity
bravery n.：勇敢，勇气。for bravery
hero n.：英雄。made them heroes
三、一词多义与熟词生义
break 常见义为"打破、折断（具体物品）"，课文 it took only six hours to break my body and soul 中引申为"击垮、摧垮（人的身心）"，是抽象用法。
single 常见义为"单身的、单个的"，课文 It took less than a single day 中意为"仅仅一个的、单一的"，强调时间之短（不到一天）。
risk 常见义为名词"风险、危险"，课文 the islands where we often risked going 中作动词，意为"冒险去（某地）"，risk doing 为固定搭配。
cover 常见义为"覆盖；封面"，课文 the sky was covered with dark clouds（被乌云遮蔽）与 A huge wave covered our boat（巨浪淹没了船）中分别意为"遮蔽"与"淹没"。
elder 常见义为"年长的"，课文 my elder brother 中指"哥哥"；注意 elder 只用于家人长幼（elder brother/sister），不用于一般比较（通用 older）。
edge 常见义为"边缘、刀刃"，课文 the horrible edge of the whirlpool 中指"（漩涡的）边沿"，on the edge of 为常用搭配。
calm 常见义为"（天气、海面）平静的"，课文 I felt calmer 中指"（人的心情）镇静的、平静的"，用于比较级。
object 常见义为"物体"，也常作动词"反对"（object to）；课文 other objects in the whirlpool 中取名词义，指漩涡里的树木与木桶等物件。
equal 常见义为"平等的"，课文 between two objects of equal extent 中意为"（体积、大小）相等的、同样的"。
shape 常见义为名词"形状"，课文 objects shaped like a tube 中作动词的过去分词，意为"呈……形状的、被做成……形的"，shaped like 为搭配。
tie 常见义为名词"领带"，课文 I tied myself to a barrel 中作动词，意为"系、捆、绑"，tie ... to ... 为搭配。
wild 常见义为"野生的、野的"，课文 the whirlpool became less wild 中意为"狂暴的、失控的"，形容漩涡的猛烈程度。
race 常见义为"赛跑、种族"，课文 the race to the South Pole 中意为"（抢先抵达的）竞赛、角逐"，是名词的引申用法。
total 常见义为"总的、总计的"，课文 the total darkness of the polar winter 中意为"完全的、彻底的"，形容极夜的一片漆黑。
break down 常见义为"分解、瓦解"，课文 his two sledges broke down 中意为"（机器、车辆）出故障、坏掉"，主语为物。
run out of 常见义为"从……跑出来"，课文 were running out of food 中意为"用完、耗尽（食物等）"，主语为人。
record 常见义为名词"记录、唱片"，课文 Scott recorded his death 中作动词，意为"记录、记下"。
prove 常见义为"证明、证实"，课文 these rocks proved that ... 中意为"（事实）证明、表明"，后接 that 从句。
price 常见义为"价格"，课文 "but what a price to pay" 中意为"代价、牺牲"，是抽象引申义。
meet the end 字面"遇见结局"，课文 We all hope to meet the end with a similar spirit 中意为"面对死亡、迎来生命终点"，是委婉表达。
四、重点词块
［课文一 A Sea Story］
happen to sb. 发生在某人身上
break one's body and soul 摧垮身心
less than 少于，不到
change ... from ... to ... 把……从……变成……
come back from 从……返回
risk doing 冒险做某事
all at once 突然，一下子
be covered with 被……覆盖/遮蔽
in less than a minute 不到一分钟
fall into the sea 掉进海里
put ... close to ... 把……贴近……
cry out 大喊，呼喊
the moment (that) 一……就……
become frightened 变得害怕
with the wind and waves 伴随着风浪
in the direction of 朝着……的方向
feel sick 感到恶心
as if 好像，仿佛
fall from a mountain top 从山顶坠落
round and round 一圈又一圈
nearer and nearer 越来越近
on the edge of 在……的边缘
go over the edge 越过边缘
moment after moment 一分一秒地
on the inside of 在……的内部
in circles 绕圈，转圈
at great speed 以极快的速度
become curious about 对……变得好奇
make observations 进行观察
the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ... 越……越……
of equal extent 体积相等的
of the same size 同样大小的
shaped like a tube 呈管状的
tie ... to ... 把……绑在……上
make sb. understand 使某人明白
jump into the sea 跳进海里
the reason why ... is that ... ……的原因是……
be pulled into 被卷入
soon after that 不久之后
pick sb. up 救起某人，接某人
be unable to do 无法做某事
［课文二 Race to The Pole］
begin one's journey to 开始去……的旅程
on the way to 在去……的途中
receive a message from 收到来自……的消息
prepare for 为……做准备
in preparation for 为……做准备（作状语）
the polar summer / winter 极地的夏季/冬季
wait for 等待
the first to do 第一个做……的（人）
teams of dogs 几队狗
on skis 踩着滑雪板
because of this 因此，由于这个
make rapid progress 取得快速进展
have problems 遇到问题
break down 出故障，坏掉
have serious difficulties with 在……上有严重困难
after a while 过了一会儿
push the sledges 推雪橇
reach the Pole 到达极点
put a flag there 在那里插上旗帜
the return journey 返程
arrive safely back to 安全返回到
ahead of schedule 提前于计划
arrive at 到达（较小地点）
be shocked 感到震惊
lose the goal of one's ambition 失去奋斗目标
face hard pushing 面对艰苦的行进
say goodbye to 向……告别
in the history of exploration 在探险史上
run out of 用完，耗尽
weather conditions 天气状况
realise one's hopeless situation 意识到绝望的处境
more and more 越来越……
slower and slower 越来越慢
on one's way back 在返回的路上
find time to do 抽出时间做某事
look for 寻找
all the way 一路上，全程
at one time 曾经，一度
in the distant past 在遥远的过去
be covered by 被……覆盖
have a terrible disease 得了重病
have difficulty (in) doing 做……有困难
walk to one's death 走向死亡
the act of a brave man 勇敢者的行为
meet the end 面对死亡，迎来结局
carry on 继续前进
get within ... of 到达距……不足……的地方
spend time doing 花时间做某事
full of sadness 充满悲伤
what a price to pay 多大的代价啊
get weaker and weaker 越来越虚弱
It seems a pity 似乎很遗憾
be moved by 被……感动
leave a record 留下记录，永载史册
fail to do 未能做成
win the race 赢得比赛
make them heroes 使他们成为英雄
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul.
【主干】That was the day ...
【分层】when 引导定语从句修饰 the day（when 相当于 on which）；从句中为 It takes + 时间 + to do 句型，it 为形式主语，真正主语是不定式 to break my body and soul；break 此处意为"击垮"，body and soul 为并列宾语。
【译文】那一天，我的身体和灵魂只用了六个小时就支离破碎了。
【考点】when 引导的定语从句；It takes + 时间 + to do 句型。
【原句 2】One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others.
【主干】... my two brothers and I were coming back ... and got more fish ...
【分层】where 引导定语从句修饰 the islands；从句中 risk doing 意为"冒险做"，going 为动名词；主句为 and 连接的并列谓语 were coming back 与 got，got more fish than others 为比较级结构，than 后省略了与前文对应的成分（than others got）。
【译文】有一天，我和我的两个兄弟又去了我们经常去探险的岛屿，抓到了比其他人更多的鱼。
【考点】where 引导的定语从句；risk doing；并列谓语；比较级与省略。
【原句 3】I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream.
【主干】I felt sick ...
【分层】as if 引导方式状语从句，意为"好像、仿佛"；从句用过去进行时 was falling 描述"正在坠落"的持续画面，此处 as if 后接陈述语气（描述真实感受），若表与事实相反的假设则用虚拟语气（were falling / had fallen）；in a dream 作状语，强化"如在梦中"的虚幻感。
【译文】我觉得恶心，好像在梦中从山顶上掉下来似的。
【考点】as if 引导的方式状语从句；过去进行时表持续画面。
【原句 4】The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down less rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly.
【主干】... the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; ... round objects fell down less rapidly; ... objects ... fell down more slowly.
【分层】三个分句并列，构成"三点观察"；核心结构为 "the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ..."（越……越……），第一个 the 为副词（修饰比较级），后接从句，第二个 the 为副词，后接主句；between two objects of equal extent 与 between two objects of the same size 均为介词短语作状语；shaped like a tube 为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 objects。
【译文】第一，物体越大，下沉得越快；第二，在两个体积相等的物体之间，圆形物体下沉得较慢；第三，在两个同样大小的物体之间，管状物体下沉得更慢。
【考点】the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ... 结构；过去分词作后置定语；分号分隔的并列列举。
【原句 5】As you can see, the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision.
【主干】... the reason ... is that I made the right decision.
【分层】As you can see 为 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 指代整个主句，意为"正如你所见"；主语 the reason 后接 why 引导的定语从句；is 后接 that 引导的表语从句（注意：reason 作主语时表语从句用 that 引导，不用 because）。
【译文】如你所见，我能在这里讲这个故事正是因为我做了正确的决定。
【考点】as 引导非限制性定语从句；why 引导的定语从句；the reason why ... is that ... 句型。
【原句 6】While he was on the way to Antarctica, he received a message from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen which said he was going south, too.
【主干】... he received a message ...
【分层】While 引导时间状语从句，表"在……期间"，从句用过去进行时；主句中 from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen 为介词短语作后置定语（Roald Amundsen 为 explorer 的同位语）；which 引导定语从句修饰 a message，从句谓语 said 后接省略 that 的宾语从句（he was going south）。
【译文】在去往南极洲的途中，他收到了挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森的一封信，信中说他也要去南极洲。
【考点】while 引导时间状语从句；同位语；which 定语从句；省略 that 的宾语从句。
【原句 7】Amundsen was the first to leave on 8 September, 1911.
【主干】Amundsen was the first ...
【分层】the first 后接不定式 to leave 作后置定语，意为"第一个动身（的人）"；当名词前有序数词（first, second ...）、the last、the only 等修饰时，其后常用不定式作定语；on 8 September, 1911 为具体日期，介词用 on。
【译文】1911年9月8日，阿蒙森第一个动身。
【考点】序数词 + 不定式作后置定语；具体日期前用 on。
【原句 8】The men were soon very tired and were running out of food.
【主干】The men were ... tired and were running out of food.
【分层】and 连接两个并列谓语：were very tired（系表结构，表状态）与 were running out of food（过去进行时表"逐渐耗尽"的过程）；run out of 主语为人，意为"用完、耗尽"，若主语为物则用 run out（The food ran out.）。
【译文】队员们很快就精疲力竭，食物也快吃完了。
【考点】并列谓语；run out of 与 run out 的主语区别；过去进行时表渐进过程。
【原句 9】Scott had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the great courage shown by Scott and his men made them heroes.
【主干】Scott had failed to win ..., but the great courage ... made them heroes.
【分层】but 连接并列句；前句用过去完成时 had failed，强调"在成为英雄之前就已失败"；fail to do 意为"未能做成"；后句主语 courage 后接过去分词短语 shown by Scott and his men 作后置定语（相当于 which was shown by ...）；made them heroes 为"make + 宾语 + 名词宾补"结构，意为"使他们成为英雄"。
【译文】斯科特没能赢得极点比赛，但斯科特和他的队员表现出的巨大勇气使他们成为了英雄。
【考点】过去完成时；fail to do；过去分词短语作后置定语；make + 宾语 + 名词宾补。
六、语法点清单
1. when 引导的定语从句
That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. when 引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词（the day），when 在从句中作时间状语（相当于 on which）；注意与 when 引导的名词性从句、状语从句区分。
2. It takes + 时间 + to do 句型
... it took only six hours to break ...；It took less than a single day to change my hair ... it 为形式主语，真正主语是不定式，表"做某事花费多少时间"；本课两度出现，强化"变化发生之快"的语势。
3. where 引导的定语从句
... the islands where we often risked going；... an area where the other fishermen were. where 修饰地点先行词，在从句中作地点状语（相当于 to/in which）；从句中 risked going 用动名词作 risk 的宾语。
4. as if 引导的方式状语从句
I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream. as if 意为"好像、仿佛"，后接方式状语从句；若所述与事实不符，需用虚拟语气（be 动词用 were，完成时用 had done），本课描述真实感受故用陈述语气。
5. the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ...
The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell ... 意为"越……越……"，前一分句为从句（表条件），后一分句为主句（表结果）；两个 the 均为副词，后接比较级，是"观察—归纳"类说明文的核心句式。
6. the reason why ... is that ...
... the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. why 引导定语从句修饰 reason，is 后接 that 引导的表语从句；注意 reason 作主语时表语从句用 that 而非 because，这是高考高频考点。
7. 序数词 / the first + 不定式作后置定语
Amundsen was the first to leave ... 当名词被序数词、the last、the only、the next 等修饰时，其后常用不定式作定语；本课还有 The next to go was Captain Oates（the next 后省略 one，to go 作定语）。
8. 过去分词短语作后置定语与 make + 宾补
... the great courage shown by Scott and his men made them heroes. shown by ... 为过去分词短语作后置定语（表被动、完成）；made them heroes 为"make + 宾语 + 名词作宾补"；另本课 carry twenty kilos of rocks、objects shaped like a tube 均为同类结构。
七、逻辑链
【课文一 A Sea Story】
引语（悬念）：大约三年前，"我"遭遇了一件可怕的事——一句话抛下悬念，开篇即抓人
↓
沧桑之变（第1段）：仅六小时，身心俱碎；不到一天，黑发变白——用"时间的短"反衬"打击的重"
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灾祸骤至（第2段）：返航途中突遇风暴，巨浪掀船，弟弟落海，哥哥喊出"Moskoe-strom"——一个词令"我"魂飞魄散（伏笔：漩涡之可怕）
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逼近漩涡（第3段）：随波逐流，无助恶心，如梦中坠崖；越近漩涡边缘反而越平静——由恐惧转为对自然伟力的"惊奇"（心理转折）
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绝境求生（第4段）：进入漩涡内部后冷静观察，总结出三条规律（越大沉越快 / 圆形沉得慢 / 管状沉得最慢）→ 依律绑桶自救；哥哥因恐惧留在重船，终未能同行
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生还余痛（第5段）：正确的判断救了"我"——船被卷入涡底，风平浪静后被渔船救起；老友竟认不出"我"，闻故事而不信；结尾一句"我不指望你比渔民更信我"，把传奇感与孤独感一并收束
【课文二 Race to The Pole】
开端（第1—2段）：1910年6月斯科特启程 → 途中得知阿蒙森也要南下，竞赛开始 → 1910—1911极夏两队建补给站，极冬中焦急待春
↓
进程对比（第3—4段）：阿蒙森9月8日先发，用狗拉雪橇、全员滑雪，进展迅速 → 12月14日抵达极点插旗，次年1月25日提前十天安全返回；斯科特11月1日出发，雪橇损坏、马匹难耐严寒，只能人力推橇——一顺一挫，成败已现端倪
↓
迟到之痛（第5—6段）：1912年1月17日斯科特终抵极点，却见挪威国旗；日记中"失去了奋斗目标""与大多数梦想告别"——五周的落差化为悲怆
↓
归途炼狱（第7—9段）：返程成探险史上最惨之一——疲乏、断粮、天气恶劣；但仍在途中采集二十公斤岩石（后证实南极曾被植被覆盖，科学价值永存）→ 灾难接踵：埃文斯病死，奥茨为不拖累队友走出帐篷赴死（"我出去一下，可能要些时候"）
↓
终点与升华（第10—12段）：距补给站不足11英里被困于暴风雪帐篷中，斯科特写下给妻子的绝笔与最后日记 → 死讯震惊世界，连对手阿蒙森都为之动容 → 虽败犹荣：未赢比赛，却以勇气成就英雄
两篇合观：本单元以"人与自然"为主题，两篇课文构成一组意味深长的对照。A Sea Story是人与自然的"遭遇战"——自然以漩涡的狂暴示威，人凭冷静观察与理性判断（三条规律）逃出生天，凸显"认识规律方能自救"；Race to The Pole是人与自然的"持久战"——南极以极寒与风暴设障，斯科特虽败于竞赛，却在绝境中仍采集岩石、记录死亡、写下遗书，以诚实、真诚与勇敢赢得身后的敬意。前者赞"智"（观察与判断），后者颂"勇"（坚韧与尊严）；两者共同回答了单元之问：自然的伟力面前，人的伟大不在于征服，而在于清醒、坚韧与不失尊严。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：That was the day when ... —— 以"那一天"起笔，制造悬念
课文：That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul.
仿写：That was the day when a single phone call changed everything I had planned.（就在那一天，一通电话改变了我计划好的一切。）——用 when 定语从句开篇，瞬间把读者拉进关键场景，适合记叙文起笔。
模板 2：I felt ..., as if ... —— 用 as if 描摹感受
课文：I felt sick, as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream.
仿写：My heart raced, as if I were running a race I could never win.（我的心跳得飞快，仿佛在跑一场永远赢不了的比赛。）——用 as if 把抽象感受具象化，是心理描写的高级句式。
模板 3：The + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ... —— 归纳规律
课文：The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell.
仿写：The more you practise speaking, the more confident you will become.（你练习口语越多，就会变得越自信。）——用"越……越……"归纳规律或给出建议，适合说明文与议论文。
模板 4：The reason why ... is that ... —— 揭示原因
课文：The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision.
仿写：The reason why he succeeded is that he never gave up when others did.（他之所以成功，是因为别人放弃时他从未放弃。）——用 why 定语从句 + that 表语从句揭示因果，逻辑严密（注意不用 because）。
模板 5：Sb. had failed to do ..., but ... made sb. ... —— 先抑后扬的升华
课文：Scott had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the great courage shown by Scott and his men made them heroes.
仿写：She had failed to win the competition, but the honesty she showed in the process made her a true role model.（她没能赢得比赛，但她在过程中展现的诚实使她成为真正的榜样。）——先承认失败再升华精神，是"虽败犹荣"类立意的黄金结尾句式。
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