Developing ideas 课文精读 · 植物密语
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
第1段
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
会说话的植物一直是神话传说中的一大元素。在许多种文化中流传下来的故事里，会说话的树给予人们忠告和警示。据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。在一些现代故事，例如电影《阿凡达》中，树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
第2段
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
第3段
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I’m being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质相互交流。当一株植物——比如豆科植物——被昆虫袭击时，就会发生这种情况。植物从正遭受啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质，这像是警示，抑或求救："我被攻击了!" 当另一株豆类植物检测到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质，其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。科学家希望能进一步了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应用于种植不用使用农药的农作物。
第4段
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
更不可思议的是，植物还能用声音进行交流。虽然人类听不到，但植物确实正在发出声音。有些植物通过根部发出声响，比如玉米和辣椒。它们还能"听见"其他植物发出的声响。由此，辣椒可以知道自己附近的植物是敌是友。还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
二、重点单词
myth n.：神话；虚构的事。a thing of myths and legends
legend n.：传说；传奇。myths and legends（神话传说）
fantasy n.：幻想；想象。talking plants are fantasy
reveal v.：揭示；显露。new research has revealed something amazing
chemical n.：化学物质。plants use chemicals to communicate
release v.：释放；放出。releases tiny amounts of chemicals
detect v.：发现；察觉。detects the chemicals from its neighbour
injure v.：伤害；损伤。its injured neighbour（受伤的同伴）
wasp n.：黄蜂；马蜂。Others attract insects—the wasps!
pesticide n.：杀虫剂；农药。grow crops without pesticides
chilli n.：辣椒。Corn and chilli plants do this
neighbouring adj.：邻近的。a neighbouring plant（邻近的植物）
drought n.：干旱。indicating drought is arriving
indicate v.：表明；预示。indicating drought is arriving
click n.：咔嗒声。make clicking noises
三、一词多义与熟词生义
say 常见义"说"，课文 when a plant, say a bean plant 中 say 意为"比如说、例如"，用于举例，口语用法。
attack 常见义"攻击（人）"，课文 gets attacked by insects / I’m being attacked 指植物"遭受（昆虫）侵害、啃食"，用于非人主语。
drive away 常见义"开车离开"，课文 drive insects away 意为"把昆虫赶走、驱赶"，drive 为"驱使"义。
listen 常见义"听（用耳朵）"，课文 They also “listen” to the noises 加引号，指植物"感知、接收"其他植物发出的声响，拟人化。
call 常见义"呼叫、电话"，课文 a call for help 意为"求救（信号）"，为比喻义。
fantasy 常见义"幻想、白日梦"，课文 talking plants are fantasy 中作名词表"虚幻、不存在的事物"。
四、重点词块
a thing of myths and legends 神话传说中的事物
give advice as well as warnings 给予忠告与警示
be said to have done 据说做过……
communicate with 与……交流
for some time 一段时间以来
get attacked by 遭到……袭击/侵害
tiny amounts of 微量的
from the leaves that are being eaten 从正被啃食的叶子中
a call for help 求救信号
drive ... away 把……赶走
detect ... from 从……中察觉到
without pesticides 不用农药
make noises 发出声响
indicate drought is arriving 预示干旱将至
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
【主干】new research has revealed something amazing.
【分层】With us long believing ... 为 with 复合结构（宾语 us + 现在分词 believing）作状语；believing 后接 that 宾语从句；冒号后 it appears that ... 为主系表，that 引导主语从句（it 为形式主语）。
【译文】我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中，但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现：植物间似乎确实可以交流。
【考点】with 复合结构（宾语+分词）；that 宾语从句；it appears that 句型（it 形式主语）。
【原句 2】The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten.
【主干】The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals.
【分层】from the leaves 为状语；that are being eaten 为修饰 leaves 的定语从句，谓语为现在进行时被动语态。
【译文】植物从正遭受啃食的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质。
【考点】that 定语从句；现在进行时被动语态（are being eaten）。
【原句 3】When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals.
【主干】it starts to release its own, different chemicals.
【分层】When 引导时间状语从句（detects 一般现在时）；from its injured neighbour 为后置定语修饰 chemicals；own 与 different 并列作 chemicals 的前置定语。
【译文】当另一株豆类植物检测到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质。
【考点】when 时间状语从句；介词短语后置定语；并列形容词作定语。
【原句 4】Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants.
【主干】Some ... drive insects away. Others attract insects. The wasps kill the insects.
【分层】drive ... away 为"动词+宾语+副词"结构；the wasps 为 insects 的同位语（破折号引出）；that are eating ... 为修饰 insects 的定语从句（现在进行时）。
【译文】其中一些能驱赶昆虫，而另一些则会吸引另一种昆虫——黄蜂！黄蜂会杀死那些啃食豆类植物的昆虫。
【考点】drive away 短语动词；同位语；that 定语从句（现在进行时）。
【原句 5】Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
【主干】Some trees make clicking noises.
【分层】when there is not enough water 为时间状语从句（there be 句型）；indicating drought is arriving 为现在分词短语作结果/伴随状语，其后接省略 that 的宾语从句。
【译文】还有些树木在缺水时会发出咔嗒声，以示干旱就要来了。
【考点】when 时间状语从句（there be）；现在分词 indicating 作状语；省略 that 的宾语从句。
六、语法点清单
1. With 复合结构作状语
With us long believing that ...。结构为"with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（分词/形容词等）"，表伴随或原因。
2. 现在进行时被动语态
the leaves that are being eaten；the insects that are eating ...。强调"正在被/正在"进行的动作。
3. It appears that ... 主语从句
it appears that plants can communicate after all。it 为形式主语，that 从句为真正主语。
4. 定语从句（that / which）
the leaves that are being eaten；the insects that are eating ...。注意 that 在从句中作主语，时态区分。
5. 现在分词作状语
indicating drought is arriving。现在分词表结果或伴随，逻辑主语为句子主体 some trees。
6. 书信/引语中的时态（一般现在/现在进行）
全文描述科学事实多用一般现在时（release, detect, make）；描述"正被啃食"用现在进行时被动，体现科普文客观时态特征。
七、逻辑链
导入（第1段）：会说话的植物原属神话传说（亚历山大大帝、《阿凡达》均提及）
↓
转折（第2段）：但新研究发现——植物之间确实可以交流
↓
方式一·化学（第3段）：被害虫啃食→释放化学物质报警→邻株响应→引黄蜂灭虫，可助无农药种植
↓
方式二·声音（第4段）：植物用根发声、互"听"，辣椒辨敌友，树木缺水咔嗒预警干旱
这是一篇科普说明文，采用"破除迷思—揭示真相—分述机制"的结构：第1—2段从神话切入并点明科学结论（植物能交流）；第3—4段分别说明植物交流的两种途径——化学信号（报警与防御）与声音信号（感知与预警），由主到次、由已知（化学）到更新奇（声音），条理清晰，兼具知识性与趣味性。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：... have long been a thing of myths and legends.
课文：Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
仿写：Flying cars have long been a thing of myths and legends.（飞行汽车长久以来都是神话传说中的元素。）——用于写某事物"原属想象、如今成真"的开篇。
模板 2：With us long believing that ..., new research has revealed ...
课文：With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing.
仿写：With us long believing that the desert is lifeless, new research has revealed hidden ecosystems.（我们一直以为沙漠了无生机，新研究却揭示了隐藏的生态系统。）——用于"旧认知被新发现推翻"的转折。
模板 3：When a ... gets attacked by ..., it releases ... as a warning.
课文：When a plant ... gets attacked by insects, the plant releases ... chemicals ... This is like a warning.
仿写：When a computer gets attacked by a virus, it sends a signal as a warning.（当电脑遭病毒攻击时，它会发出警告信号。）——用于写"受侵→报警"的机制说明。
模板 4：... can tell if ... is helpful, or unfriendly.
课文：A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly.
仿写：A smart sensor can tell if the environment is safe, or harmful.（智能传感器能判断环境是安全还是有害。）——用于写"辨别状态"的能力。
模板 5：... make ... noises when there is not enough ..., indicating ... is arriving.
课文：Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
仿写：The machine makes a buzzing sound when there is not enough oil, indicating a breakdown is arriving.（机器在缺油时发出嗡嗡声，预示故障将至。）——用于写"异常声响=预警"的现象描述。
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