Using Language 课文精读 · 海洋勘探的利与弊
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Text 1 文本一（反方：海洋勘探带来危害）
第1段
When people talk of exploring the sea more, they usually mean exploiting it. Sea exploration has caused many problems and will continue to cause more.
人们在谈论扩大海洋勘探的时候，通常指的是海洋开发。海洋勘探已经造成了许多问题，并将继续引发更多问题。
第2段
More exploration means more pollution. The Deepwater Horizon spilled over 200 million gallons of oil into the sea in 2010. Plastic pollution is also bad, killing many birds and fish, and has even been found in our tap water.
扩大勘探意味着污染加剧。2010年"深水地平线"号钻井平台在海中溢出了两亿多加仑的石油。塑料污染也十分严重，导致许多鸟类和鱼类死亡，甚至在我们的自来水中也发现了塑料污染。
第3段
Mining for resources is very damaging, especially in the Arctic. Because of climate change, there is less ice now, which means we can look for more fossil fuels further north. But if we burn these, the ice will melt more and this negative cycle will continue. Climate change is warning us that something is very wrong.
资源开采极具破坏性，尤其是在北极地区。由于气候变化，现在冰川减少了，这意味着我们可以在更北的地方寻找更多的化石燃料。但是，如果我们烧尽这些燃料，冰川将融化得更多，这一不良循环将持续下去。气候变化正警告我们情况不妙。
第4段
Overfishing is another problem. Whales and dolphins are also hunted for their meat or for so-called research. Although this was banned in 1982, some countries are still "murdering" these intelligent creatures without mercy.
过度捕捞是另一个问题。鲸鱼和海豚也遭到捕杀，成为盘中美食或用于所谓的研究。尽管早在1982年就已禁止，但有的国家仍在无情地"谋杀"这些聪明的生物。
第5段
The sea is home to life, not human beings' possessions. It is huge, but it is more sensitive than we think. If we do not protect it, future generations will not forgive us.
海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的私产。海洋广阔无垠，但比我们想象的更为敏感。如果我们不保护它，子孙后代将不会原谅我们。
Text 2 文本二（正方：海洋探索至关重要）
第1段
To truly understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. Opponents may be concerned, but sea exploration is important for our future. For example, scientific research ships can help address important issues such as climate change. We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. Therefore, more research is necessary.
为了真正了解我们的星球，我们必须探索覆盖其表面大部分的海洋。反对者也许会忧心忡忡，但是海洋探索对我们的未来十分重要。例如，科学考察船可以帮助应对像气候变化这种重要的问题。我们需要了解我们的星球正在发生什么，这样我们才能采取行动。因此，有必要开展更多的研究。
第2段
Understanding more about the sea will also help us manage its resources better. Logging new species will improve our understanding of life on the earth. It may help us discover new medicines, as well as new sources of food and energy. Accessing the deep ocean may also help us to predict events such as earthquakes.
深入了解海洋也有助于我们更好地管理其资源。记载新物种将提升我们对地球上的生命的了解。这可能还会帮助我们发现新的药物，以及新的食物和能源来源。深海探索还有可能会帮助我们预测地震等事件。
第3段
The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future development. There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals.
世界人口正在不断增长，我们需要新的资源来维系未来的发展。海洋和冰川之下可能蕴藏着大量的资源，不仅仅是石油和天然气，还有珍贵的矿物。
第4段
Of course, there are still environmental risks. However, these should be balanced with economic needs.
当然，环境风险仍然存在。但是，这些风险应该与经济需求相平衡。
第5段
Hopefully, as technology improves, we may have more options for managing this balance.
随着技术的进步，我们有望会有更多的选择来驾驭这一平衡。
二、重点单词
exploit v.：开发；开采；剥削。When people talk of exploring the sea more, they usually mean exploiting it.
spill v.：溢出；洒出。The Deepwater Horizon spilled over 200 million gallons of oil into the sea.
pollution n.：污染。More exploration means more pollution.
damaging adj.：破坏性的；有害的。Mining for resources is very damaging.
fossil fuels n.：化石燃料（如煤、石油、天然气）。look for more fossil fuels further north
melt v.：融化；熔化。the ice will melt more
overfish v.：过度捕捞。Overfishing is another problem.
ban v.：禁止；取缔。Although this was banned in 1982
mercy n.：仁慈；宽容。some countries are still "murdering" these intelligent creatures without mercy
possession n.：所有物；财产。not human beings' possessions
sensitive adj.：敏感的；易受影响的。it is more sensitive than we think
opponent n.：反对者；对手。Opponents may be concerned
address v.：处理；应对；解决。help address important issues such as climate change
species n.：物种。Logging new species will improve our understanding
predict v.：预测；预言。help us to predict events such as earthquakes
resource n.：资源。help us manage its resources better
balance v. / n.：平衡；权衡。these should be balanced with economic needs
option n.：选择；选项。we may have more options for managing this balance
三、一词多义与熟词生义
exploit 常见义为"剥削、利用（多含贬义）"，课文 exploring the sea more, they usually mean exploiting it 中指"开发利用（海洋资源）"，在环保语境下偏贬义，指无节制索取。
address 常见义为"地址"或"向……发表演说"，课文 help address important issues 中作及物动词，意为"处理、应对、解决（问题）"，是正式书面语。
balance 常见作名词"平衡、天平"，课文 these should be balanced with economic needs 中作动词，意为"使平衡、权衡、调和"，体现利弊取舍。
possession 常见义为"拥有、占有（不可数）"，课文 human beings' possessions 中作可数名词复数，意为"所有物、私产"。
log 常见义为"原木"或"记录（航海/飞行日志）"，课文 Logging new species 中意为"记录、登记（新发现的物种）"，作动名词。
mercy 常见义为"仁慈、怜悯"，课文 without mercy 为固定搭配，意为"无情地、毫不留情地"，在此反衬捕杀的残忍。
home 常见义为"家、家乡"，课文 The sea is home to life 中用 be home to 结构，意为"是……的栖息地/家园"，赋予海洋以生命主体地位。
四、重点词块
talk of doing 谈论做某事
mean doing 意味着做某事
spill ... into 把……溢入/倾入
be very damaging 极具破坏性
because of 由于；因为
fossil fuels 化石燃料
negative cycle 恶性循环
be banned in ... 于……年被禁止
without mercy 无情地；毫不留情地
be home to 是……的家园/栖息地
future generations 子孙后代
from a scientific point of view 从科学角度看
help address important issues 帮助应对重要问题
so that 以便；为了（引导目的状语从句）
take action 采取行动
manage its resources 管理其资源
new sources of 新的……来源
not just ... but also 不仅……而且
be balanced with 与……相平衡
as technology improves 随着技术进步
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】Because of climate change, there is less ice now, which means we can look for more fossil fuels further north.
【主干】there is less ice now.
【分层】Because of climate change 为介词短语作原因状语；which 引导非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面"现在冰更少了"这一情况，在从句中作主语；means 后接省略 that 的宾语从句 we can look for ...；further north 为状语表方向。
【译文】由于气候变化，现在冰川减少了，这意味着我们可以在更北的地方寻找更多的化石燃料。
【考点】there be 句型；because of 原因状语；which 非限制性定语从句指代主句内容；mean + 宾语从句。
【原句 2】The sea is home to life, not human beings' possessions.
【主干】The sea is home to life, not possessions.
【分层】be home to 为固定结构，意为"是……的家园"；not human beings' possessions 为并列否定结构，对表语进行否定性补充，用 not 连接两个名词短语，强调海洋属于生命而非人类私产。
【译文】海洋是生命的家园，而不是人类的私产。
【考点】be home to 结构；not 连接的并列否定（A, not B）。
【原句 3】To truly understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it.
【主干】we must explore the oceans.
【分层】To truly understand our planet 为不定式短语作目的状语，truly 修饰 understand；which cover most of it 为限制性定语从句修饰 oceans，which 在从句中作主语，cover 意为"覆盖"。
【译文】为了真正了解我们的星球，我们必须探索覆盖其表面大部分的海洋。
【考点】不定式目的状语；which 限制性定语从句。
【原句 4】Understanding more about the sea will also help us manage its resources better.
【主干】Understanding more will help us manage its resources.
【分层】Understanding more about the sea 为动名词短语作主语；help sb (to) do 结构，manage 前省略 to；better 为副词修饰 manage，表"更好地"。
【译文】深入了解海洋也有助于我们更好地管理其资源。
【考点】动名词作主语；help sb (to) do 不带 to 的不定式作宾补。
【原句 5】There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals.
【主干】There are vast amounts of resources.
【分层】probably 为副词表推测；under the sea and ice 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 resources；not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals 为 not just ... but also ... 并列结构，作 resources 的同位语，具体列举资源种类。
【译文】海洋和冰川之下可能蕴藏着大量的资源，不仅仅是石油和天然气，还有珍贵的矿物。
【考点】there be 句型；介词短语后置定语；not just ... but also 并列同位语。
六、语法点清单
1. 一般现在时叙述普遍事实与观点
议论文主体用一般现在时（has caused, means, is, are hunted, will continue）陈述客观事实与作者立场，是观点对比型文本的基本时态。
2. 一般过去时用于具体历史事件
spilled（2010年）、was banned（1982年）用于交代已发生的具体事件，与一般现在时的普遍论述形成对比。
3. 非谓语动词（动名词 / 不定式）
动名词作主语/宾语：exploring、exploiting、Understanding、Logging、Accessing。不定式作目的/宾语：To truly understand、to explore、to predict、help us (to) manage。
4. 定语从句（which）
which cover most of it（限制性）；which means we can look for ...（非限制性，指代主句内容）。注意 which 在两种从句中功能不同。
5. 条件状语从句（if）
If we burn these, the ice will melt more；If we do not protect it, future generations will not forgive us。主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来（主将从现）。
6. 并列与转折（but / however / although / not just ... but also）
but 与 however 表转折；Although this was banned ... 让步状语从句；not just ... but also 表递进并列，是议论文中列举利弊的常用结构。
7. 目的状语从句（so that）
We need to understand ... so that we can take action。so that 引导目的状语从句，常接情态动词 can / may。
七、逻辑链
文本一（反方立场）：
立论（第1段）：谈"勘探"实质是"开发"，已造成并将继续造成问题
↓
分论1（第2段）：污染加剧——石油泄漏 + 塑料污染危及生物乃至自来水
↓
分论2（第3段）：资源开采破坏北极，引发"少冰—多采—更融"恶性循环
↓
分论3（第4段）：过度捕捞与虐杀鲸豚，禁令形同虚设
↓
结论（第5段）：海洋是生命家园而非私产，不保护则愧对后代
文本二（正方立场）：
立论（第1段）：须探索海洋以了解星球，反对者忧心但探索关乎未来
↓
分论1（第2段）：深化认识可更好管理资源、发现新药与能源、预测地震
↓
分论2（第3段）：人口增长亟需新资源，海冰下蕴藏大量矿产
↓
让步（第4段）：环境风险犹在，但应与经济需求相平衡
↓
展望（第5段）：技术进步将提供更多平衡选择
两篇构成"观点对比型"议论文：文本一以"问题—后果—呼吁"逻辑批判海洋勘探之弊；文本二以"必要性—收益—平衡—展望"逻辑肯定其利。两文都用"总—分—（总）"结构，并用 but / however / although 等标记立场转折，是学习议论文论证框架的绝佳范本。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：When people talk of ... more, they usually mean ...
课文：When people talk of exploring the sea more, they usually mean exploiting it.
仿写：When people talk of developing the city more, they usually mean destroying the old town.（当人们谈论更多开发城市时，通常指破坏老城。）——用于揭示表面说法与实际行为之间的反差。
模板 2：More ... means more ...
课文：More exploration means more pollution.
仿写：More private cars means more traffic jams and air pollution.（更多私家车意味着更多拥堵与空气污染。）——用于表达"数量增加带来负面连锁"。
模板 3：If we do not ..., ... will not ...
课文：If we do not protect it, future generations will not forgive us.
仿写：If we do not save water, future generations will not forgive us.（如果我们不节约用水，子孙后代不会原谅我们。）——用于结尾发出警示、呼吁行动。
模板 4：To truly ..., we must ...
课文：To truly understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it.
仿写：To truly improve education, we must care about every student's needs.（为了真正改善教育，我们必须关注每个学生的需求。）——用于开篇点明实现目标的必要前提。
模板 5：There are probably vast amounts of ..., not just ... but also ...
课文：There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals.
仿写：There are probably vast amounts of clean energy underground, not just solar but also geothermal power.（地下或许蕴藏大量清洁能源，不仅是太阳能，还有地热能。）——用于列举并递进说明事物构成。
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