Using Language 课文精读 · 化学耕作和有机耕作
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
第1段
Chemical pesticides and artificial fertilisers have been in widespread use in farming since the middle of the 20th century. When they were first introduced, many farmers welcomed them as a great way to fight crop disease and increase production. Over time, however, what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the land and people's health.
自20世纪中期以来，化学农药和人工化肥在耕作中得到了广泛使用。当它们首次被引入时，许多农民欢迎它们，视其为防治作物病害、提高产量的重要手段。然而，随着时间的推移，一些科学家发现，长期使用它们有时既损害土地，也危害人体健康。
第2段
For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not only harmful bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones. In addition, these chemicals can stay in the soil and underground water sources for a long time. This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the animals and humans who digest them. Many people worry that these chemicals may make them ill and even cause cancer. In fact, some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause to people and the environment. As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually grow too fast to be rich in nutrition. They may look beautiful on the outside, but inside there is usually more water than essential minerals, and they often have less flavour as well.
例如，农药在杀死病菌和害虫的同时，也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。此外，这些化学物质能在土壤和地下水中存留很久，这会影响地里长出的庄稼，进而影响到食用它们的动物和人类。许多人担心这些化学物质会使他们生病，甚至引发癌症。事实上，像滴滴涕（DDT）这样的杀虫剂，因对人和环境造成破坏，已在大多数国家被禁用。至于化学肥料，施过肥的作物往往长得过快而营养不足。它们外表好看，内里却通常水分多于必需的矿物质，而且常常也没什么味道。
第3段
As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic farming, and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. Organic farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease through natural means. For example, many organic farmers use natural waste from animals as fertiliser. This makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals. It also keeps the air, soil, water, and crops free of chemicals.
作为一种替代，一些农民转向了有机耕作，许多顾客在本地杂货店购物时也选择了有机食品。有机耕作就是不使用任何化学品的耕作。有机耕作者注重通过自然手段保持土壤肥沃、远离病害。例如，许多有机耕作者用动物的天然粪便作肥料，这使田里的土壤富含更多矿物质，同时也让空气、土壤、水和作物免受化学品污染。
第4段
Organic farmers also use many other methods to produce rich soil. They often change the kind of crop grown in each field every year. For instance, they may grow corn or wheat in a field one year, and then grow beans there the next. Why different crops are grown is because they put important minerals back into the ground, making it ready for the next batch of crops. Organic farmers also plant diverse crops that use different depths of soil to help keep it rich. For example, peanuts grow on the ground's surface, but many other vegetables put down deep roots. The goal of using different organic farming methods is to grow good food while avoiding damage to the environment or to people's health.
有机耕作者还使用许多其他方法来造就肥沃的土壤。他们常逐年轮换每块地里种植的作物。比如，一块地今年种玉米或小麦，来年就改种豆类。之所以轮换种植不同作物，是因为它们能把重要的矿物质送回地里，让土地为下一批作物做好准备。有机耕作者还种植利用不同土层深度的多样作物，以帮助保持土壤肥沃。例如，花生生长在土壤表层，而许多其他蔬菜则扎根深处。采用不同有机耕作方法的目的，是在种出好粮食的同时，避免损害环境或人体健康。
第5段
Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture entirely. What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a suitable solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as healthy as possible.
有些人宁愿在农业中彻底停用人造化学品。阻碍他们这么做的事实是：化学农业满足了全球对粮食的巨大需求，而有机耕作远不足以满足那种需求。因此，要找到一个合适的解决方案——既让餐桌上有充足的食物，又尽可能让人和环境保持健康——仍有很长的路要走。
二、重点单词
pesticide n.：杀虫剂；农药。Chemical pesticides
artificial adj.：人造的；人工的。artificial fertilisers
fertiliser n.：肥料。artificial fertilisers
widespread adj.：广泛的；普遍的。in widespread use
prohibit v.：禁止；阻止。have been prohibited
nutrition n.：营养；滋养。too fast to be rich in nutrition
switch v.：转换；转变。switched to organic farming
grocery n.：食品杂货店。the local grocery
diverse adj.：多样的；不同的。plant diverse crops
sufficient adj.：足够的；充足的。sufficient food
suitable adj.：合适的；适宜的。a suitable solution
三、一词多义与熟词生义
fertiliser 专指"肥料"，课文中 artificial fertilisers 与 organic farming（不用肥料）形成对照；注意美式拼写为 fertilizer。
free of 常见义"摆脱、无……的"，课文中 free of disease / free of chemicals 意为"免受……侵害、不含……"。
batch 常见义"一批、一炉"，课文中 the next batch of crops 指"下一批 / 下一轮作物"。
nowhere near 短语，课文中 is nowhere near able to 意为"远不能、根本不足以"。
serve 常见义"服务、招待"，课文中 serves the high demand 意为"满足（需求）"，属熟词生义。
四、重点词块
in widespread use 广泛使用
fight crop disease 防治作物病害
increase production 提高产量
over time 随着时间的推移
harm both ... and ... 既损害……也损害……
in addition 此外
underground water sources 地下水源
in turn 进而；反过来
as for 至于；关于
switch to 转向；改用
turn to 转向；求助于
free of 免受；不含
put ... back into 把……放回
a long way to 有很长的路（才能……）
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】Over time, however, what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the land and people's health.
【主干】what some scientists have found is that ...
【分层】what 引导主语从句（what 作 found 的宾语）；that 引导表语从句，从句主语 their long-term use，谓语 harm，宾语 both the land and people's health。
【译文】然而，随着时间的推移，一些科学家发现，长期使用它们有时既损害土地，也危害人体健康。
【考点】what 引导的主语从句；that 引导的表语从句；both ... and ... 并列宾语。
【原句 2】This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the animals and humans who digest them.
【主干】This affects the crops ... and the animals and humans.
【分层】grown on the land 为过去分词作后置定语修饰 crops；in turn 为插入语；who digest them 为定语从句修饰 animals and humans；affects 后接两个并列宾语 crops 与 animals and humans。
【译文】这会影响地里长出的庄稼，进而影响到食用它们的动物和人类。
【考点】过去分词作定语；who 定语从句；and 并列宾语（带插入语）。
【原句 3】Why different crops are grown is because they put important minerals back into the ground, making it ready for the next batch of crops.
【主干】Why different crops are grown is because ...
【分层】Why 引导主语从句；because 引导表语从句；making it ready ... 为现在分词作结果状语，it 指 the ground。
【译文】之所以轮换种植不同作物，是因为它们能把重要的矿物质送回地里，让土地为下一批作物做好准备。
【考点】why 引导主语从句；because 引导表语从句；现在分词作结果状语。
六、语法点清单
1. 现在完成时的被动语态
have been in widespread use；have been prohibited。强调动作对现在的影响与持续状态。
2. what / why 引导的主语从句
what some scientists have found；Why different crops are grown。what / why 充当连接词。
3. that / because 引导的表语从句
is that ...；is because ...。系动词后接从句说明内容或原因。
4. 过去分词作后置定语
the crops grown on the land；crops grown with them。grown 与中心词为被动关系。
5. 现在分词作结果状语
making it ready for the next batch of crops。分词逻辑主语为前面整个事实。
6. 并列连词 both ... and / not only ... but also
harm both the land and people's health；killing not only harmful ... but also helpful ones。
七、逻辑链
现象（第1段）：化学农耕普及，但长期用有害土地与健康
↓
弊端（第2段）：农药杀益虫、残留水体、致癌、被禁；化肥虚胖缺营养
↓
替代（第3段）：有机耕作——天然粪肥，土壤富矿、环境无污染
↓
方法（第4段）：轮作与多样深根作物，养地而不损地
↓
权衡（第5段）：有机难满全球粮需，平衡之路仍长
本文是"问题—替代—权衡"的说明文 / 议论文：第1—2段揭示化学农耕的隐患；第3—4段介绍有机耕作的理念与方法；第5段理性权衡，指出二者需平衡，不偏废。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：... have been in widespread use since ...
课文：Chemical pesticides ... have been in widespread use ... since the middle of the 20th century.
仿写：Smartphones have been in widespread use since the early 2010s.（智能手机自2010年代初便已广泛使用。）——用于说明某事物长期普及。
模板 2：what some scientists have found is that ...
课文：what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm ...
仿写：what the report has found is that sleep loss harms memory.（报告发现的是：睡眠不足损害记忆。）——用于引出研究发现。
模板 3：... kill not only ... but also ...
课文：pesticides can damage the land by killing not only harmful bacteria ..., but also helpful ones.
仿写：The policy affects not only big cities but also rural areas.（这项政策不仅影响大城市，也影响乡村。）——用于写双重影响。
模板 4：As an alternative, ... have switched to ...
课文：As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic farming ...
仿写：As an alternative, many commuters have switched to cycling.（作为一种替代，许多通勤者改骑单车。）——用于提出替代方案。
模板 5：... is nowhere near able to ...
课文：Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need.
仿写：Current technology is nowhere near able to replace human teachers.（现有技术远不足以取代人类教师。）——用于客观指出局限。
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