一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Reading and Thinking · THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM: CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT 汉语书写体系：连接古今
总起原文：China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
译文：尽管历史跌宕起伏，中国因其古老文明一直延续至今而闻名于世。其存续的原因有很多，但主要因素之一是汉字的书写体系。
起源原文：At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language. It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu—animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. Some of the ancient symbols can still be seen in today's hanzi.
译文：起初，汉语是一种基于图形的语言。它可以追溯到数千年前使用龙骨的时期——古代中国人在这些骨头和壳上面刻画简单的符号。这些符号在今天的汉字中仍然可以看到。
发展原文：By the Shang Dynasty (around 1600-1046 BCE), these symbols had become a well-developed writing system. Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically leading to many varieties of dialects and characters. This, however, changed under Emperor Qinshihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE).
译文：到商朝（约公元前1600年~前1046年）时，这些符号已经演变成一套完善的书写体系。在随后的年代里，这一体系发展成了不同的形式，这是由于当时中国人居住地域的分隔，从而导致不同的方言和汉字变体的产生。然而，这在秦朝（公元前221-前207年）秦始皇统治时期发生了变化。
统一原文：Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction. That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture. Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
译文：秦始皇统一七个诸侯国后，在这个统一的国家里，汉字书写体系开始朝着一个方向发展。这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和中国文化具有重要意义。即使在今天，不管住在哪里，也不管说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写（文字）进行交流。
连接古今原文：Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China's present is connected with its past. People in modern times can read the classic works which were written by Chinese in ancient times. The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
译文：汉语也成为连接中国现在与过去的一个重要媒介。现代中国人可以阅读古代中国人撰写的经典作品。中国人对其书写体系推崇备至，这体现在汉字发展为一种艺术形式——书法。书法已经成为中国文化的重要组成部分。
当代影响原文：Today, the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture. As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing language.
译文：如今，汉字书写体系仍然是中国文化的重要组成部分。随着中国在全球事务中扮演着越来越重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉字这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
二、重点单词
civilisation 名词：文明（美式 civilization）。课文原句 "its ancient civilisation."
factor 名词：因素、要素。课文原句 "one of the main factors."
system 名词：体系、系统。课文原句 "the Chinese writing system."
symbol 名词：符号、象征。课文原句 "symbols were carved."
carve 动词：雕刻、刻。课文原句 "symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people."
variety 名词：种类、多样，常作 a variety of。课文原句 "many varieties of dialects."
unite 动词：联合、统一。课文原句 "uniting the Chinese people."
means 名词：方式、手段（单复同形）。课文原句 "an important means."
regard 名词/动词：尊重、重视，课文中 "high regard" 名词短语。课文原句 "The high regard for ..."
calligraphy 名词：书法。课文原句 "known as Chinese calligraphy."
appreciate 动词：欣赏、领会。课文原句 "appreciate China's culture."
三、一词多义与熟词生义
factor 常见数学义"因数"，课文中作"因素"，one of the main factors 即"主要因素之一"。
system 常见义"系统（如计算机系统）"，课文中指"文字体系/书写系统"。
based 常见义动词 base 的过去分词，课文中 "picture-based language" 作形容词"以……为基础的"，base ... on 的变体。
means 常见义"意思、手段"，课文中 "an important means" 指"重要媒介/方式"，by which 衔接。
regard 常见义动词"认为"（regard ... as），课文中作名词"尊重/重视"（high regard for）。
appreciate 常见义"感激"，课文中 "appreciate China's culture and history" 取"欣赏、领会"义。
present 常见义形容词"现在的"或动词"呈现"，课文中 "China's present" 作名词"现在/当今"，与 past 对照。
四、重点词块
总起/因果块
be widely known for（因……广为人知）、despite the ups and downs（尽管跌宕起伏）、one of the main factors（主要因素之一）。
起源/发展块
at the beginning（起初）、a picture-based language（基于图形的语言）、date back to（追溯到）、on which symbols were carved（在其上刻画符号）、well-developed（完善的）、develop into（发展成）、over the years（多年来）、different forms（不同形式）、lead to（导致）、under Emperor Qinshihuang（在秦始皇统治下）。
统一/连接块
unite ... into（把……统一成）、of great importance（具有重要意义）、no matter where/what（无论何处/什么）、communicate in writing（用文字交流）、be connected with（与……相连）、the classic works（经典著作）、as an art form（作为一种艺术形式）、known as（被称为）、play a role in（在……中起作用）、an increasing number of（越来越多的）。
语篇衔接
At the beginning（时间）、By the Shang Dynasty（时间）、Over the years（时间）、This, however, changed（转折）、Even today（递进）、Today（时间）。全文以时间轴 + 功能升华展开，是典型的说明文脉络。
五、长难句拆解
【原句】China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history.
【主干】China is known for its civilisation ...
【分层】which 引导定语从句修饰 civilisation；despite the many ups and downs ... 介词短语作让步状语（尽管……）。
【翻译】尽管历经跌宕起伏，中国因其古老文明延续至今而闻名。
【考点】which 定语从句；despite 让步（后接名词短语，不接句子）。
【原句】It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu—animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
【主干】It dates back to the use of longgu ...
【分层】animal bones and shells 作 longgu 的同位语；on which symbols were carved 介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句修饰 longgu/shells。
【翻译】它可追溯到数千年前使用龙骨（动物骨壳）的时期，古人在其上刻画符号。
【考点】同位语；on which 定语从句（= on the bones and shells）。
【原句】Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
【主干】Emperor Qinshihuang united the states into a country ...
【分层】where 引导定语从句修饰 country；begin to develop in one direction 从句谓语。
【翻译】秦始皇把七国统一为一个国家，汉字书写体系在那里开始朝一个方向发展。
【考点】where 定语从句（先行词表地点）。
【原句】Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
【主干】they can communicate in writing.
【分层】no matter where ... or what ... 两个让步状语从句并列，where / what 分别在从句中作状语/宾语。
【翻译】即使在今天，无论中国人住在哪里、说什么方言，都能用文字交流。
【考点】no matter where/what 让步状语从句。
【原句】Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China's present is connected with its past.
【主干】Written Chinese has become an important means ...
【分层】by which 引导定语从句修饰 means，which 指代 means，从句中 is connected with 为被动。
【翻译】汉语也成为连接中国现在与过去的重要媒介。
【考点】by which 定语从句（= by the means）。
【原句】The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
【主干】The high regard can be seen in the development ...
【分层】as an art form 作同位/补语；known as Chinese calligraphy 过去分词短语作定语修饰 art form；which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰 calligraphy。
【翻译】对汉字书写体系的推崇，体现在汉字发展为一种被称为书法的艺术形式上，书法已成为中国文化的重要部分。
【考点】过去分词 known as 作定语；which 非限制性定语从句。
六、语法点清单
定语从句：which / why / where / on which / by which / as，覆盖关系代词与"介词+关系代词"，是本文最密集的语法点。
让步结构：despite + 名词短语（despite the ups and downs）；no matter where/what 引导让步状语从句。
时态：has continued / has become / is being organised 等现在完成时与现在时，体现"从古至今"的时间跨度。
被动语态：were carved / is connected with / can be seen，说明文中客观陈述常用。
非谓语：known as（过去分词作定语）、connecting / uniting（动名词/现在分词）、to develop（不定式）。归拢后：定语从句 + 让步（despite/no matter） + 现在完成时，是这篇说明文的三条语法主线。
七、逻辑链
总起·立论（第1段）：用 despite the ups and downs 先承认历史波折，再用 one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system 抛出中心论点——汉字体系是文明延续的关键。
↓
起源·溯源（第2段）：at the beginning → picture-based language → dates back to longgu（甲骨）→ symbols carved → 仍见于今日 hanzi。用"图形—甲骨—今字"的承续，为"连接古今"埋下伏笔。
↓
发展·分流（第3段）：By the Shang Dynasty 体系完善 → Over the years 分化（地理分隔→方言/字形多样）→ This changed under Qinshihuang。先写"分"，为下文"统"作铺垫。
↓
统一·凝聚（第4段）：unite the seven states → 书写体系朝一个方向 → of great importance in uniting people and culture → Even today, no matter where/what, communicate in writing。把"字形统一"升华为"民族凝聚"的功能价值。
↓
连接·升华（第5段）：Written Chinese = a means by which present is connected with past → 读经典 → 推崇备至 → 书法（known as calligraphy）成为文化一部分。完成"文字—经典—艺术"的层级跳。
↓
当代·延展（第6段）：Today 仍重要 → As China 全球角色增大 → an increasing number of 国际学生 appreciate 中国历史文化 through this language。把论点推向当下与国际，形成"古—今—世界"的完整闭环。
八、写作迁移
模板一：China is widely known for ... which has continued ... despite ...
课文句：China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued ... despite the many ups and downs.
仿写：Our school is widely known for its reading culture which has lasted for years, despite many changes.（我校因其延续多年的阅读文化而闻名，尽管历经诸多变化。）——写介绍、立论。
模板二：It dates back to ... on which ... were carved / made.
课文句：It dates back ... to the use of longgu—... on which symbols were carved.
仿写：The custom dates back to ancient times, on which special food was shared by families.（这一习俗可追溯到古代，那时家家户户会分享特别的食物。）——写传统文化起源，on which 定语从句增色。
模板三：Even today, no matter where/what ..., ... can still ...
课文句：Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
仿写：Even today, no matter how busy we are, we can still find time to read.（即使在今天，无论多忙，我们仍能找到时间阅读。）——写价值恒久、结尾升华。
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