一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Unit Nine Lesson 1 To Clone or not to Clone?／克隆还是不克隆
第1段原文：Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially. Natural cloning has been going on for generations. For example, gardeners have been using a form of cloning when they take a cutting from a plant and place it in a suitable medium, such as soil. Another example of natural cloning is identical twins, who are produced from the same egg.
译文：克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。自然克隆由来已久。例如，园丁们从植物上截取一段，放在合适的培养基中(例如土壤)，就是一种克隆。自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎，它们是由同一个卵子受精产生的。
第2段原文：For years, there had been attempts to clone animals artificially. The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996. At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much older animals. She lived for six and a half years, only half the life of the sheep from which she was cloned. After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species, including camels, cattle, deer, dogs, goats and mice. However, they have found a similar pattern of health problems with these other species as well. This has led to questions such as, “Will this be a major issue for all cloned animals?” “Will it continue to happen forever?”.
译文：多年来，人们一直在尝试人工克隆动物。第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。起初，多莉发育正常，但后来患上了一种疾病，这种疾病更常见于衰老的动物。多莉活了六年半，寿命只有母体绵羊的一半。继多莉之后，科学家已经克隆了20多种哺乳动物，包括骆驼、牛、鹿、狗、山羊和老鼠。然而，在这些物种的克隆动物身上科学家们也发现了与多莉羊相似的健康问题。由此引发了一些疑问，例如：“这会是所有克隆动物的主要问题吗?”“这个问题会永远持续下去吗?”
第3段原文：In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists. They were the first-ever primates (the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned! In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”, and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated. Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years. There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey. The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.
译文：2018年1月，中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴，中中和华华。它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿、猴子和人类)！与其他的物种相比，克隆灵长类动物要“困难得多”，而使用非生殖细胞克隆则更为复杂。研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中，5年多来每周7天，每天24小时照看1000多只猴子。历经多次失败，最终找到成功克隆猴子的方法。他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒，是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物，研制动物模型，为医学研究和人类健康发展做贡献。
第4段原文：The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process. With this technology, we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs. This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.
译文：灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉，被认为是一项巨大的突破，从而为治愈多种疾病、延缓衰老提供线索。有了这项技术，我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至可以改变它们的基因，以适应研究需要。这有助于节省研究时间，减少实验所需动物的数量，使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
第5段原文：Cloning, however, continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of disagreement and provokes strong emotions. While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns. They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical questions this raises. For example, they wonder if clones should be treated as objects or as individuals with their own identity. Furthermore, clones may be viewed as mere copies of originals thus being seen as inferior. Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
译文：但是，克隆仍是一个会引起很多争议、激起强烈反对情绪的问题。尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆，担心由此会引发伦理问题。比如，他们提出克隆体是被当作物体还是具有独特个性的个体。而且，克隆体可能会被看作母体的副本，因此被认为更低等。最后，他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
第6段原文：So far, it is still unknown what will happen to Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow up. Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced. As Einstein said, “Science is a powerful instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. A knife is useful, but it can also kill.”
译文：到目前为止，我们仍不清楚中中和华华长大后会发生什么。研究人员认为，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。正如爱因斯坦所言：“科学是一种强有力的工具。怎样使用它，究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难，完全取决于人类自己，而不取决于工具。刀子是有用的，但刀子也能杀人。”
教材录入说明：标题 To Clone or not to Clone? 化用莎士比亚 To be, or not to be；括号内 the order of mammals which include... 的主谓一致按教材原貌保留。
二、重点单词
clone v./n. to produce an exact genetic copy 克隆、无性繁殖；标题 To Clone or not to Clone? 化用莎士比亚句式。
artificially adv. by human means rather than naturally 人工地；与 naturally 对举。
cutting n. a piece cut from a plant to grow a new one 插条、截取的枝条；take a cutting from a plant。
medium n. a substance in which something grows 培养基、介质；a suitable medium, such as soil。
identical adj. exactly the same 完全相同的；identical twins 同卵双胞胎、identical genes 相同基因。
mammal n. an animal that feeds its young on milk 哺乳动物；more than 20 mammal species。
species n. a group of similar animals or plants 物种（单复数同形）；20 species 不加 -es。
primate n. a member of the group including apes, monkeys and humans 灵长类动物。
reproductive adj. connected with producing young 生殖的；non-reproductive cells 非生殖细胞（体细胞）。
barrier n. something that blocks progress 壁垒、障碍；break this technical barrier 突破技术壁垒。
breakthrough n. an important discovery or advance 突破；a huge breakthrough。
potential n. the possibility of developing 潜力；have the potential to do sth。
accurate adj. correct and exact 准确的；produce more accurate results。
ethical adj. connected with ideas of right and wrong 伦理的；the ethical questions this raises。
moral adj. concerned with right and wrong behaviour 道德的；raise moral concerns。
inferior adj. not as good as others 低一等的、次等的；being seen as inferior。
abuse v. to use something wrongly or badly 滥用；abuse the technology for unethical purposes。
instrument n. a tool or device 工具、器械；爱因斯坦引语中的关键词。
curse n. something that causes great harm 祸害、诅咒；与 blessing 对举。
三、一词多义和熟词生义
cutting：熟义「切割」（cut 的动名词）→ 课文义 n. 园艺上的「插条」。gardeners ... take a cutting from a plant 园丁剪下一段枝条用于繁殖，是自然克隆的例证。
medium：熟义 adj. 中等的 / n. 媒体 → 课文义 n. 「培养基、介质」。place it in a suitable medium, such as soil 放进合适的介质（如土壤）。复数可写 media，但此处为单数。
order：熟义 n. 命令、顺序 → 课文义 n. 生物分类上的「目」。primates (the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans) 灵长类是哺乳纲下的一个目。
issue：熟义 n. 期刊期号 / v. 发行 → 课文义 n. 「争议话题」。continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of disagreement；同段 Will this be a major issue for all cloned animals? 又回到「问题」，一词两用。
bound：熟义 adj. 被捆绑的 / 必定的（be bound for 开往）→ it is bound to lead to cloning of other species 中 be bound to do 意为「必然会导致」，带说话人的负面预判。
raise：熟义 v. 举起、筹集 → 课文两义并用：raise a large number of monkeys 培育（大量猴子），raise moral concerns 提出（道德担忧）。同一词在「价值段」和「争议段」各出现一次，正好构成对照。
blessing / curse：熟义「祝福 / 诅咒」→ 引语中喻指「福与祸」：whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind 究竟给人类带来幸福还是灾难。
四、重点词块
【下定义与举例】
1. the process of making an exact copy of 对……进行精确复制的过程 2. develop it either naturally or artificially 通过自然或人工方式培育 3. has been going on for generations 由来已久 4. take a cutting from a plant 从植物上截取一段 5. place it in a suitable medium 放进合适的培养基 6. identical twins 同卵双胞胎 7. be produced from the same egg 由同一个卵子发育而来
【研究进程】
1. there had been attempts to... 此前一直有人尝试 2. the first successfully cloned animal 首只成功克隆的动物 3. develop an illness 患上疾病 4. only half the life of... 只有……一半的寿命 5. a similar pattern of health problems 相似的健康问题模式 6. break this technical barrier 突破技术壁垒 7. be wholly devoted to the research 全身心投入研究 8. a number of failures 多次失败
【价值与效益】
1. lead to worldwide praise 获得全球赞誉 2. a huge breakthrough 重大突破 3. lead to cures for various diseases 为治愈多种疾病提供可能 4. offer clues on how to prevent the aging process 为延缓衰老提供线索 5. have the potential to do 有可能做…… 6. with identical genes 基因相同 7. reduce the number of animals required for testing 减少实验动物数量 8. produce more accurate results 得到更准确的结果
【争议与伦理】
1. cause a great deal of disagreement 引发大量分歧 2. provoke strong emotions 激起强烈情绪 3. be crucial for scientific advancement 对科学进步至关重要 4. raise moral concerns 提出道德担忧 5. be bound to lead to 必将导致 6. ethical questions 伦理问题 7. be viewed as mere copies of originals 被看作母体的副本 8. be seen as inferior 被视为低等 9. abuse the technology for unethical purposes 出于不道德目的滥用技术
【收束与引语】
1. So far, it is still unknown what... 迄今为止仍不清楚…… 2. insist that... 坚持认为…… 3. As Einstein said 正如爱因斯坦所言 4. whether it is a blessing or a curse 是福是祸 5. depend on mankind and not on the instrument 取决于人而非工具
五、长难句拆解
句1
【原句】In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists.
【主干】The cloning ... was announced by Chinese scientists.
【分层】主语核心是抽象名词 the cloning，of two long-tailed monkeys 作后置定语，因此谓语用单数 was；Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua 是 two long-tailed monkeys 的同位语；by Chinese scientists 引出施动者，被动语态把「事件」而非「人」放在句首，符合科技新闻的风格。
【翻译】2018 年 1 月，中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴——中中和华华。
【考点】主语中心词的识别（the cloning 而非 monkeys）+ 同位语 + 被动语态；翻译时把被动改主动、把同位语提前，中文更顺。
句2
【原句】The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.
【主干】The reason ... was to get ... and (to) produce ...
【分层】they worked so hard to break this technical barrier 是修饰 The reason 的定语从句，省略了关系副词 why / that；主句表语由两个并列不定式 to get ... and (to) produce ... 充当（注意：reason 后的表语从句用 that，但此处是不定式作表语，绝不能写 because）；with edited genes 为过去分词作后置定语；that are helpful for... 为定语从句修饰 animal models。
【翻译】他们如此努力地突破这一技术壁垒，是为了获得基因编辑过的动物，并建立有助于医学研究和人类健康的动物模型。
【考点】The reason (why/that) + 从句 + was to do（不用 because）+ 并列不定式 + 过去分词作定语 + 定语从句，是解释「研究动机」的高分句。
句3
【原句】As Einstein said, 'Science is a powerful instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument.'
【主干】How it is used ... depends on mankind and not on the instrument.
【分层】As Einstein said 中 As 引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整句（正如……所言）；How it is used 为主语从句，故谓语用单数 depends；whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind 作插入语，补充说明「使用方式」的两种结果；and not on 为并列介词的否定式。
【翻译】正如爱因斯坦所说：「科学是一种强有力的工具。如何使用它，究竟是给人类带来幸福还是灾难，取决于人类自己，而不取决于工具。」
【考点】As 指代整句的非限制性定语从句 + 主语从句（How...）+ 主谓一致（从句作主语视为单数）+ whether...or... 插入语 + not...but... 式并列否定。
六、语法点清单（从句与非谓语）
一、名词性从句
1. 形式主语 / 主语从句：So far, it is still unknown what will happen to Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow up；How it is used ... depends on mankind。
2. 宾语从句：they wonder if clones should be treated as objects or as individuals；they believe it is bound to lead to...（省略 that）；Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored。
3. 表语 / 同位语：The reason ... was to get...（不定式作表语）；questions such as, 'Will this be...?'（直接引语作同位）。
二、定语从句
1. 介词 + which：the sheep from which she was cloned。
2. 限制性 / 非限制性：the order of mammals which include apes, monkeys, and humans；animal models that are helpful for medical research；identical twins, who are produced from the same egg。
3. 省略关系词：The reason they worked so hard；the ethical questions this raises；an issue that causes...。
4. As 指代整句：As Einstein said / As a knife is useful but can also kill（可仿写）。
三、非谓语
1. 过去分词作定语：a sheep named Dolly / the first successfully cloned animal / animals with edited genes / cloned primates / be viewed as mere copies。
2. 动名词与不定式：the process of making an exact copy / attempts to clone animals（不定式作定语）/ taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys / have the potential to raise...
3. 现在分词完成式 / 完成进行：had been wholly devoted to；had been taking care of ... for more than 5 years。
四、时态、被动与情态
1. 过去完成时回溯：For years, there had been attempts；There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way；与现在完成时 After Dolly, scientists have cloned... 形成「之前 / 至今」的对照。
2. 被动：was announced / have been cloned / should be treated / may be viewed / be seen as / was cloned / be further explored and advanced。
3. 情态与推测：might lead to cures / may also offer clues / could help save research time / it is bound to lead to / may abuse the technology——科技议论文靠情态动词精确控制断言强弱。
七、逻辑链
① 下定义：克隆是对动植物进行精确复制并自然或人工培育的过程；自然克隆自古有之（插条、同卵双胞胎），先把概念去神秘化。
② 人工克隆的代价：多莉 1996 年出生，发育正常却早衰、只活六年半（母体寿命一半）；此后 20 多种哺乳动物克隆体出现相似健康问题，随即引出两个悬问。
③ 技术突破：2018 年中中和华华诞生，是有史以来首批克隆灵长类；用非生殖细胞更难，团队五年多 24 小时轮转照看千余只猴，历经多次失败才成功。
④ 为何攻坚：动机不是炫技，而是获得基因编辑动物、建立医学研究用动物模型。
⑤ 价值清单：有望治愈疾病、延缓衰老；可短期培育大批基因相同猴子，节省研究时间、减少实验动物、提高结果准确性与疗效。
⑥ 急转（however）：克隆仍引发大量分歧与强烈情绪；支持者视其为科学进步之必需，反对者提出道德担忧——克隆体是物体还是独立个体、会不会被当作低等副本、技术会不会被滥用。
⑦ 承认未知：中中和华华长大后会怎样，目前仍不清楚；研究者坚持应继续探索。
⑧ 引语收束：爱因斯坦「刀有用，也能杀人」把判断从技术本身移回使用者——工具无善恶，取决于人。
写法提炼：定义 → 历史与代价 → 突破 → 动机 → 价值 → 争议 → 未决 → 权威引语。第 ⑤ 步用四个不定式并列铺陈效益，第 ⑥ 步用 While / however / Furthermore / Finally 层层列出反对意见，是科技伦理类作文可直接套用的双栏结构。
八、写作迁移（仿写与输出）
仿写模板：X is the process of ... While some people believe it is crucial for ..., others raise ... concerns. The reason ... was to ... So far, it is still unknown what ... As ... said, '... depends on ... and not on ...'
示范（以「AI 批改作文」为题）：Automated scoring is the process of judging writing by model rather than by hand. While some teachers believe it is crucial for saving time, others raise concerns about fairness. The reason schools adopted it was to give faster feedback, not to replace close reading. As one writer put it, whether a tool sharpens or dulls the mind depends on the user and not on the tool.
可迁移句式：① it is still unknown what ...（形式主语）② the sheep from which ...（介词 + which）③ The reason ... was to do（不用 because）④ While A ..., others ...（让步对比）⑤ with + 过去分词作后置定语（animals with edited genes）⑥ whether A or B ... depends on ...（主语从句）。
输出任务：以「技术本身无善恶」为题写 120 词短文。要求：用 1 个形式主语从句、1 个「介词 + which」定语从句、1 个 While 让步对比、1 个过去分词作后置定语；并至少使用 3 个本课词块（have the potential to / raise moral concerns / be bound to / be viewed as / be crucial for）。
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