一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Unit Eleven Lesson 3 War Memories: Story B (The Christmas Truce)／战争回忆·故事B（圣诞休战）
第1段原文：We were on the frontier and on Christmas morning we stuck up a board displaying: A Merry Christmas” on it. The enemy had stuck up a similar one. Two of our men then threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench with their hands above their heads as our representatives. Two of the Germans did the same. They greeted each other and shook hands. Then we all got out of the trench. Bill (our officer) tried to prevent it but it was too late, so he and the other officers climbed out, too. We, and the Germans, walked through the mud and met in the middle of no-man’s land.
译文：那时我们在前线。圣诞节早晨我们竖起一块牌子，上面写着“圣诞快乐”。敌人也竖起了一块差不多的牌子。然后，我们的两名士兵脱下装备，爬出战壕，双手举过头顶，作为我方代表。两名德军士兵也这样做了。他们互相打招呼并握手，然后我们所有人都走出战壕。比尔(我们的军官)试图阻止这一切，但为时已晚，因此他和其他军官也都爬了出来。我们和德国人穿过泥泞，在无人地带中间相聚。
第2段原文：We spent all day with one another. Some of them could speak English. By the look of them, their trenches were in as bad a state as our own. One of their men, speaking in English, said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over. We told him he wasn’t the only one who was fed up with it. The German officer asked Bill if we would like some beer and they brought them over to us. Bill distributed the beer among us and we consumed a lot. The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight.
译文：我们一起待了一整天。他们中有些人会说英语。从样子上可以看出，他们的战壕和我们的一样糟糕。他们中的一个人用英语说，他在英国工作过几年，受够了这场战争，如果战争结束，他会很高兴。我们告诉他，我们也同样受够了这场战争。德国军官问比尔要不要来点儿啤酒，他们拿过来送给我们。比尔把啤酒分给大家，我们喝了很多。双方军官达成共识，午夜之前我们将暂时和平地庆祝圣诞节。
第3段原文：Just before midnight, we all decided not to start firing before they did. We’d formed a bond and during the whole of Boxing Day, we never fired a shot and they the same; each side seemed to be waiting for the other to set the ball rolling. One of their men shouted across in English and asked how we had enjoyed the beer. We replied that we were very grateful and spent the whole day chatting with them. That evening we were replaced by other soldiers.
译文：临近午夜，我们都决定在对方开枪之前不先开枪。我们达成了一种默契，整个节礼日，我们都没有开过一枪，他们也一样；双方似乎都在等对方先开火。他们中的一个人用英语大喊，问我们啤酒怎么样，我们回答说非常感谢他们的啤酒，接下来一整天双方都在聊天。那天晚上，我们被其他部队替换下来了。
改编说明：(Adapted from Old Soldiers Never Die by Frank Richards)
译文：(改编自弗兰克· 理查兹的《老兵永生》)
教材录入说明：首段 displaying: A Merry Christmas" on it 引号不配对，规范形式为 displaying "A Merry Christmas" on it；第 3 段扫描件把英文原句与中文译文直接连排在同一行，本文已按中文起点拆成逐段对照；World War Ⅰ / Ⅱ 中的罗马数字分别表示「一」「二」。
二、重点单词
frontier n. the border area where armies face each other 前线、边境；课文 We were on the frontier。
board n. a flat piece of wood used for notices 木板、牌子；课文 we stuck up a board displaying ...。
display v. to show words or pictures publicly 展示、写着；课文 a board displaying 'A Merry Christmas'。
enemy n. the people you are fighting against 敌人、对方；课文 The enemy had stuck up a similar one。
similar adj. almost the same 相似的；课文 a similar one（one 替代 a board）。
equipment n. the things a soldier carries 装备（不可数）；课文 threw their equipment off。
trench n. a long deep hole soldiers shelter in 战壕；课文 climbed out of the trench。
representative n. a person chosen to speak for a group 代表；课文 as our representatives。
greet v. to say hello when meeting 打招呼、问候；课文原句：They greeted each other and shook hands.
prevent v. to stop something from happening 阻止；课文 Bill (our officer) tried to prevent it but it was too late。
mud n. wet soft earth 泥泞；课文 walked through the mud。
state n. the condition something is in 状况、状态；课文 their trenches were in as bad a state as our own。
distribute v. to give things out to several people 分发；课文 Bill distributed the beer among us（distribute sth among sb）。
consume v. to eat or drink a lot 吃喝、消耗；课文 we consumed a lot（此处指喝了很多啤酒）。
temporary adj. lasting only a short time 暂时的；课文 in temporary peace until midnight。
bond n. a feeling of connection between people 默契、情谊；课文 We'd formed a bond。
grateful adj. feeling thanks 感激的；课文原句：We replied that we were very grateful.
replace v. to send a new person or group in place of another 换防、替换；课文 we were replaced by other soldiers。
三、一词多义和熟词生义
stick up：熟义 stick v. 粘、卡住 → 课文义「竖起、张贴」。we stuck up a board 竖起一块牌子；The enemy had stuck up a similar one 用过去完成时 had stuck up 暗示对方早已或同时竖了牌子。同册故事 A 的 set up a machine gun（架起机枪）与此只差一词，别混。
board：熟义 n. 董事会、董事会 / v. 上（车船飞机）→ 课文义 n. 木板、告示牌。判断靠搭配：stick up / display 后接的 board 只能是牌子。
one：熟义 num. 一个 → 课文义 pron. 替代前面出现过的可数名词。a similar one = a similar board；Two of the Germans did the same 里的 did the same 也是替代，避免重复。
state：熟义 n. 州、国家、状态 → 课文 in as bad a state as our own 状况一样糟。注意 as + adj. + a/an + n. + as 的语序（不能说 as a bad state as）。
be fed up to the neck with：熟义 feed v. 喂养 → 课文义「对……厌烦透顶」，是 be fed up with 的强化版（直译「烦到脖子」）。he was fed up to the neck with this war；回应句 you weren't the only one who was fed up with it 把抱怨变成共鸣。
understanding：熟义 n. 理解、谅解 → 课文义 n.（双方达成的）共识、默契协议。The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight；后接 that 同位语从句。同册报道一 came to a resolution（形成决议）可对照。
bond：熟义 n. 债券、纽带 → 课文义 n. 人与人之间形成的默契、情分。We'd formed a bond（过去完成时），所以后面「谁都不先开枪」才顺理成章。
shot：熟义 n. 照片、注射、尝试 → 课文义 n. 一枪、一次射击。we never fired a shot 一枪未发；fire v. 开火、开枪。
set the ball rolling：习语，本义「开个头、带个头让事情启动」，课文里却指「率先开枪」——each side seemed to be waiting for the other to set the ball rolling。用一句本该形容开场的成语写「谁都不肯先开火」，是全篇最含蓄的反讽。
Boxing Day：专有名词，节礼日（12 月 26 日，英国及英联邦的公众假日）。during the whole of Boxing Day 整个节礼日；不是「拳击日」。
the same：熟义「一样的」→ 课文 we never fired a shot and they the same 是 they did the same 的省略，省略谓语后更干脆；同段 Two of the Germans did the same 用 did 替代完整动作。
across：熟义 prep. 穿过 → 课文 One of their men shouted across in English 隔着无人地带朝这边喊；across 后省略了 the no-man's land。
四、重点词块
【阵地与圣诞节】
1. on the frontier 在前线 2. on Christmas morning 圣诞节早晨 3. stick up a board displaying ... 竖起一块写着……的牌子 4. The enemy had stuck up a similar one 敌方也竖了一块差不多的 5. throw one's equipment off 卸下装备 6. climb out of the trench 爬出战壕 7. with one's hands above one's heads 双手举过头顶 8. as our representatives 作为我方代表 9. walk through the mud 穿过泥泞 10. in the middle of no-man's land 在无人地带中间
【从两人到全员】
1. Two of the Germans did the same 两名德军也照做 2. greet each other and shake hands 互致问候、握手 3. Then we all got out of the trench 然后我们都走出了战壕 4. tried to prevent it but it was too late 想阻止却已太迟 5. he and the other officers climbed out, too 他和其他军官也爬了出来
【共处一天】
1. spend all day with one another 一起待了一整天 2. Some of them could speak English 他们中有些人会说英语 3. by the look of them 从样子上看 4. in as bad a state as our own 状况和我们的一样糟 5. be fed up to the neck with this war 受够了这场战争 6. would be glad when it was over 战争结束会很高兴 7. not the only one who ... 不是唯一一个……的人 8. ask if we would like some beer 问我们要不要来点啤酒 9. distribute the beer among us 把啤酒分给大家
【共识与默契】
1. come to an understanding that ... 达成……的共识 2. in temporary peace until midnight 午夜前暂时和平 3. just before midnight 临近午夜 4. decide not to start firing before they did 决定在对方开枪之前不先开枪 5. We'd formed a bond 我们已形成了默契 6. during the whole of Boxing Day 整个节礼日 7. never fire a shot 一枪未发 8. each side seemed to be waiting for the other to set the ball rolling 双方似乎都在等对方先动手
【收束】
1. shout across in English 隔着阵地用英语喊话 2. ask how we had enjoyed the beer 问我们啤酒喝得怎么样 3. reply that we were very grateful 回答说非常感谢 4. spend the whole day chatting with them 一整天都在聊天 5. be replaced by other soldiers 被其他部队替换下来 6. (Adapted from ... by ...) 改编自……
五、长难句拆解
句1
【原句】Two of our men then threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench with their hands above their heads as our representatives.
【主干】Two of our men threw their equipment off and climbed out of the trench.
【分层】threw 与 climbed 为并列谓语；throw sth off 是「动词 + 副词」小品结构（宾语为名词时可插在中间）；with their hands above their heads 为 with 复合结构（with + 宾语 + 介词短语）作伴随状语；as our representatives 介词短语作状语，说明身份。
【翻译】随后我方两名士兵卸下装备，双手举过头顶爬出战壕，作为我方代表。
【考点】并列谓语 + with 复合结构 + as 短语。写「主动示好」不必写心理，一个「双手举过头顶」的姿态就够了。
句2
【原句】One of their men, speaking in English, said that he had worked in England for some years and that he was fed up to the neck with this war and would be glad when it was over.
【主干】One of their men said that he had worked in England and that he was fed up with the war.
【分层】speaking in English 为现在分词短语作伴随状语（前后逗号隔开，可提到句首）；said 后接两个并列的 that 宾语从句，第二个 that 不宜省略，否则 and 容易被误读成连接别的东西；第一个从句用过去完成时 had worked（先于 said）；第二个从句里 was fed up 与 would be glad 并列，when it was over 为时间状语从句。
【翻译】他们中的一个人用英语说，他曾在英国工作过几年，已经受够了这场战争，等战争结束他会很高兴。
【考点】分词状语 + 并列宾语从句 + 过去完成时 + 时间从句。转述一段较长的话时，用两个 that 分层最清楚。
句3
【原句】We'd formed a bond and during the whole of Boxing Day, we never fired a shot and they the same; each side seemed to be waiting for the other to set the ball rolling.
【主干】We'd formed a bond; neither side fired a shot; each side seemed to be waiting.
【分层】We'd = We had，过去完成时表示「默契在节礼日之前就已形成」；and 连接并列句；they the same 是 they did the same 的省略；分号后 seemed to be waiting 用 seem to be doing；wait for the other to set the ball rolling 为 wait for sb to do 的不定式作宾补；set the ball rolling 本义「带头开始」，此处反讽地指「先开枪」。
【翻译】我们已形成了一种默契，整个节礼日我们一枪未发，他们也一样；双方似乎都在等对方先开火。
【考点】过去完成时 + 省略 + seem to be doing + wait for sb to do + 习语反讽。全篇反战立场不靠一句议论，全压在「谁都不肯先开枪」这个细节上。
六、语法点清单（从句与非谓语）
一、名词性从句
1. 并列宾语从句：said that he had worked in England ... and that he was fed up ...（第二个 that 不省）。
2. if / whether 引导的宾语从句：The German officer asked Bill if we would like some beer（间接引语中的 would 表委婉，不是虚拟）。
3. how 引导：asked how we had enjoyed the beer；We replied that we were very grateful。
4. 同位语从句：The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas in temporary peace until midnight（that 解释 understanding 的内容，不作成分）。
二、定语从句
1. We told him he wasn't the only one who was fed up with it（who 引导，先行词为 one）。
2. 对比同册的省略式：a place (that) you thought was going to be home；the water (that) he sent over his balcony。
3. 替代不是定语从句：a similar one = a similar board；did the same = 重复前一动作。
三、时态、情态与省略
1. 过去完成时：had stuck up a similar one / had worked in England / We'd formed a bond。
2. would 表过去将来 / 委婉：would be glad when it was over / if we would like some beer；could 表过去能力：Some of them could speak English。
3. seem to be doing：each side seemed to be waiting ...；省略：we never fired a shot and they the same。
四、非谓语与特殊结构
1. with 复合结构：with their hands above their heads / with a board displaying ...（with + 宾语 + 介词短语 / 现在分词）。
2. 现在分词：speaking in English（伴随）/ displaying 'A Merry Christmas'（后置定语）。
3. spend time doing：We spent all day with one another / spent the whole day chatting with them。
4. 不定式作宾补：wait for the other to set the ball rolling；ask if we would like；try to prevent it。
5. 被动：That evening we were replaced by other soldiers——结尾一个被动，把主动权悄悄收走。
七、逻辑链
① 一块牌子：圣诞早晨我方竖起「圣诞快乐」牌子，敌方 had stuck up a similar one——过去完成时暗示对方几乎同时这么做，敌意出现第一道裂缝。
② 第一个姿态：两名士兵卸下装备、双手举过头顶爬出战壕，德军两人 did the same。不带武器、手举过头，这个动作本身就是全部谈判。
③ 动作层层扩大：互相问候握手 → 全员走出战壕 → 军官想拦已太晚、也跟着爬出 → 双方穿过泥泞在无人地带中间相遇。没有任何命令，人群自己完成了和解。
④ 一天共处：Spent all day with one another；一句「他们的战壕和我们的一样糟」把敌人还原成处境相同的人，是全篇视角的转折。
⑤ 一个德国兵的话：在英国工作过几年、受够了这场战争、结束会很高兴；我方回「你不是唯一一个受够了的」——对立被改写成共鸣，随后是啤酒、分发、畅饮。
⑥ 共识与它的时限：军官 came to an understanding that ... 午夜前暂时和平。自发的善意被正式追认，同时也被加上了「until midnight」这道倒计时。
⑦ 默契与反讽：午夜前都决定「对方不开枪我不开枪」；整个节礼日一枪未发，双方都在等对方 set the ball rolling——本义「带头开始」的成语在这里指「先开火」。隔空问啤酒、道谢、聊一整天，把战争写成了一次不肯结束的做客。
⑧ 突然抽身：末句只说「那天晚上，我们被其他部队替换下来了」。不评论、不预言，用一句被动把这段休战封存在这批人之间。
写法提炼：全篇靠「动作递进 + 时间推进」写反战，无一句议论：牌子 → 两人 → 握手 → 全员 → 军官 → 共处 → 啤酒 → 共识 → 默契 → 换防。可迁移的是 with 复合结构写姿态、两个并列 that 从句写转述、spend time doing 压缩一整天、用 come to an understanding that ... 写达成的共识、用习语反讽点题，以及最后一句突然抽身的冷收尾。
八、写作迁移（仿写与输出）
仿写模板：We were ... and on ... we stuck up a board displaying ... . The enemy had stuck up a similar one. Two of our men ... with their hands ..., as ... . ... did the same. We spent all day with one another. One of them said that ... and that ... . The ... came to an understanding that ... . Just before ..., we all decided not to ... before they did. ... seemed to be waiting for the other to ... . That evening we were replaced by ... .
示范：We were in the final and on sports morning we stuck up a card reading 'Well played'. The other class had stuck up a similar one. Two of our runners then put their spikes down and walked onto the track with their hands open as our representatives. Two of theirs did the same. We spent all day with one another. One of them said that he had trained in the same park for years and that he was fed up to the neck with the rumours between our classes. Our monitor came to an understanding that we would share the track until sunset. Just before sunset, we all decided not to start the last race before they did. Each side seemed to be waiting for the other to set the ball rolling. That evening we were replaced by the next grade.
可迁移句式：① had done（对方早已 / 同时……）② with + 宾语 + 介词短语（姿态）③ said that ... and that ...（并列宾语从句）④ came to an understanding that ...（同位语从句）⑤ spend the whole day doing ⑥ seem to be doing / wait for sb to do ⑦ 省略（they the same / did the same）⑧ 末句用被动突然抽身。
输出任务：以「没人下命令」为题写 150 词片段。要求：用至少 4 个递进的动作写两群人从对峙到和解；用 1 个 with 复合结构写姿态，1 组并列宾语从句写转述，1 个同位语从句写达成的共识；结尾用一个「被替换 / 被叫走」的短句突然收束，不写感想。
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