一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Unit Twelve Lesson 3 Stephen Hawking／斯蒂芬·霍金
第1段原文：On 14 March, 2018, one of the world’s most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, aged 76. Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control).
译文：2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，斯蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因克服了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)的挑战而令人敬佩。
第2段原文：Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford. He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959. At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS. He was only expected to live for a few years.
译文：1942年1月8日斯蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津，1959 年进入牛津大学学习物理学。21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症，预言他只能再活几年。
第3段原文：Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him. In 1985, he had to have an operation. As a result, he lost his speech. Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech-generating equipment that allowed him to speak. However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands.
译文：后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。职业生涯刚一开始他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。1985年，他不得不动手术，结果丧失了说话能力。很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。但是，他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。
第4段原文：Although Hawking’s physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes. His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole. This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own.
译文：尽管在过去几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即宇宙大爆炸)创造了许多小黑洞，在黑洞的中心还有一种洞，这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。
第5段原文：Hawking also wrote books. His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. However, many people could not really understand what he had written. Therefore, Hawking decided to write a simpler version, A Briefer History of Time (2005).
译文：霍金还写书。1988年出版的《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》一书，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。
第6段原文：In The Grand Design (2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have.
译文：在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该用一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。与其说尝试寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们不如把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。
第7段原文：At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people: “Look up at the stars and not down at your feet ... be curious.”
译文：2012 年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。”
第8段原文：In spite of his disease, Hawking didn’t consider himself an unlucky man. He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work. “My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21. Everything since then has been a bonus.” And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations.
译文：尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有妨碍他在工作中取得成功。“21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。从那以后，一切都是馈赠。”他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人的支持和他人的帮助。
附栏标题：WHAT ISA BLACK HOLE?
译文：什么是黑洞？
附栏正文：A black hole is a place in space where gravity is very strong. Anything that falls into it never comes out. Nothing can escape from it, not even light. As a result, it is impossible to see a black hole.
译文：黑洞是宇宙空间中引力极其强大的地方。落入黑洞的任何物质都不可能再出来。任何东西，包括光，都无法从黑洞中逃脱。因此，黑洞是无法直接观测到的。
教材录入说明：第 3 段英文在扫描件被拆成两行（In the early stages of his / career, ...），已按语意合并；附栏标题印作 WHAT ISA BLACK HOLE?，规范形式为 WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?；教材把 A Briefer History of Time 译作《时间简史》，易与 1988 年原书 A Brief History of Time 混淆，实际指其简化版。
二、重点单词
influential adj. having a great effect on people or events 有影响力的；课文 one of the world's most influential scientists。
theoretical physics n. the branch of physics using models and maths 理论物理学；课文 his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology。
cosmology n. the study of the origin of the universe 宇宙学；与 theoretical physics 并列。
brilliant adj. extremely clever or impressive 杰出的、才华横溢的；课文 his brilliant work。
overcome v. to succeed in dealing with a difficulty 克服、战胜；课文 overcoming the challenges of ALS。
physician n. a doctor 医生（较正式）；课文 physicians discovered he had a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS。
rare adj. not happening often 罕见的；课文 a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS。
the Institute of Astronomy n. 天文研究所；课文 found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge。
operation n. a medical procedure in which a doctor cuts the body 手术；课文 he had to have an operation（have an operation）。
equipment n. devices used for a particular purpose 设备（不可数）；课文 a piece of speech-generating equipment。
decline v. to become weaker or worse 衰退、下降；课文 Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades。
cease v. to stop 停止；课文 he never ceased his studies（cease + 名词 / cease doing）。
the Big Bang n. 宇宙大爆炸；课文 the birth of the universe (the 'Big Bang')。
separate adj. not connected 分离的、隔开的；课文 completely separate from our own。
version n. a form of a book adapted for a different readership 版本、改写本；课文 decided to write a simpler version。
argue v. to give reasons to support a view 主张、论证；课文 Hawking argued that we should look for a different way。
audience n. the people watching or listening 观众、听众；课文 a TV audience of 900 million people。
curious adj. eager to know or learn 好奇的；课文 be curious。
expectation n. what you believe will happen 预期、期望；课文 My expectations were reduced to zero。
bonus n. something good that you did not expect 意外的馈赠；课文 Everything since then has been a bonus。
gravity n. the force that pulls objects towards each other 引力、重力；课文附栏 where gravity is very strong。
escape v. to get away from a place 逃脱；课文附栏 Nothing can escape from it, not even light。
三、一词多义和熟词生义
aged：熟义 adj. 年老的 / v. 变老 → 课文 died at his home in England, aged 76 中意为「享年 76 岁」（= at the age of 76），作后置状语，是讣闻 / 人物报道的固定写法。
work：熟义 n. 工作、活儿 → 课文义 n. 研究成果、学术著作（不可数）。his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology；Hawking also wrote books 才用可数的 books。
brilliant：熟义 adj. 明亮的、灿烂的 → 课文义 adj.（才华）杰出的。brilliant work；形容人时还可指「极聪明的」。
form：熟义 n. 表格、形式 / v. 形成 → 课文义 n.（疾病的）类型、亚型。a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS 一种罕见的慢性渐冻症。
expect：熟义 v. 期待、盼望 → 课文义 v. 预计、预料（被动式常用于预后）。He was only expected to live for a few years 医生预言他只能再活几年——与后文「又活了 55 年」构成全篇最大的反差。
stage：熟义 n. 舞台、阶段 → 课文 in the early stages of his career 职业生涯初期；与 Unit12 L1 staging operations（施行手术）同词不同性，可跨课对照。
lose one's speech / lose the use of one's hands：lose 不译「丢失」，译「丧失（能力）」。he lost his speech 失声、he lost the use of his hands 手也动不了了；同段 his illness got worse 中的 got 是系动词「变得」。
copy：熟义 n. 副本、复制 / v. 复印 → 课文义 n.（书的）一册。sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth 地球上每 750 人就卖出一册。
argue：熟义 v. 争吵、争论 → 课文义 v.（用理据）主张、论证，后接 that 从句。Hawking argued that we should look for a different way ...；名词 argument 也指「论点」而非「吵架」。
opening：熟义 n. 开口、开始 → 课文义 n. 开幕式。At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics。
expectations：熟义 n. 期待 → 课文义 n. 对人生的预期值（常用复数）。My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21 我的人生期望值降为零。
bonus：熟义 n. 奖金、红利 → 课文义 n. 额外的馈赠、白赚来的好东西。Everything since then has been a bonus 从那以后一切都是赚来的——一句话把 55 年病痛翻成礼物。
gravity：熟义 n. 严肃、庄重 → 附栏中义为【物理】引力。a place in space where gravity is very strong；同一个词在人物评价与物理定义里的两义正好同文出现。
put together：熟义「把……放在一起」→ 课文义「汇集、整合（已有的想法）」。scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have，与 instead of trying to find one big new explanation 形成取舍。
四、重点词块
【逝世与声望】
1. one of the world's most influential scientists 世界上最有影响力的科学家之一 2. die at one's home in England, aged 76 在英格兰家中去世，享年 76 岁 3. be famous not just for ... but also for ... 不仅因……著名，更因…… 4. brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology 理论物理与宇宙学的杰出研究 5. overcome the challenges of ALS 战胜肌萎缩侧索硬化症的挑战 6. a disease that affects muscle control 一种影响肌肉控制的疾病
【求学与确诊】
1. be born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford 1942 年 1 月 8 日生于牛津 2. go to the University of Oxford to study physics 入牛津大学攻读物理 3. at the age of 21 21 岁那年 4. spend one's first year at the University of Cambridge 在剑桥的第一年 5. physicians discovered he had ... 医生发现他患有…… 6. a rare, slow-progressing form of ALS 一种罕见的慢性渐冻症 7. be only expected to live for a few years 被预言只能再活几年
【病情与继续工作】
1. find a job at the Institute of Astronomy 在天文研究所找到工作 2. in the early stages of his career 职业生涯初期 3. one's illness got worse 病情恶化 4. be allowed to do research only rather than teach 获准只做研究而不授课 5. have to have an operation 不得不动手术 6. As a result, lose one's speech 结果丧失说话能力 7. develop a piece of speech-generating equipment 研发出发声设备 8. allow sb to speak 使某人能说话 9. lose the use of one's hands 双手也失去活动能力
【研究与著作】
1. Although ... declined over decades 尽管身体机能几十年不断下降 2. never cease one's studies 从未停止研究 3. develop a number of new ideas about black holes 对黑洞提出许多新想法 4. the birth of the universe (the 'Big Bang') 宇宙诞生（大爆炸） 5. His theory was that ... 他的理论是…… 6. be completely separate from our own 与我们的宇宙完全分隔 7. sell one copy for every 750 people on Earth 地球上每 750 人便购得一册 8. write a simpler version 撰写简化版 9. argue that ... 主张…… 10. look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe 换一种方式探寻宇宙最深的秘密 11. Instead of trying to find one big new explanation 与其寻找一个全新的大解释 12. put together all the ideas that they already have 把已有想法汇集起来
【公众形象与人生态度】
1. at the opening of the London 2012 Olympics 在 2012 年伦敦奥运会开幕式上 2. a TV audience of 900 million people 9 亿电视观众 3. Look up at the stars and not down at your feet 仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下 4. be curious 保持好奇心 5. in spite of his disease 尽管身患疾病 6. not consider himself an unlucky man 不认为自己不幸 7. prevent sb from having a family / being successful 阻碍某人成家 / 取得成就 8. My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21 21 岁时我的人生期望值降为零 9. Everything since then has been a bonus 此后一切都是馈赠 10. because of the help he received from ... 因为得到……的帮助 11. a large number of people and organisations 众多人士与机构
【附栏·什么是黑洞】
1. a place in space where gravity is very strong 宇宙中引力极强的地方 2. Anything that falls into it never comes out 落入其中的任何东西都出不来 3. Nothing can escape from it, not even light 连光也无法逃脱 4. As a result, it is impossible to see a black hole 因此黑洞无法被直接观测
五、长难句拆解
句1
【原句】Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control).
【主干】Hawking was famous not just for his work but also for overcoming challenges.
【分层】not just for ... but also for ... 连接两个并列的介词宾语：前者是名词短语，后者是动名词短语 overcoming ...；括号内 a disease that affects muscle control 是 ALS 的同位语，其中 that affects muscle control 为定语从句；be famous for 为固定搭配。
【翻译】霍金不仅以理论物理与宇宙学方面的杰出研究闻名，更因战胜肌萎缩侧索硬化症（一种影响肌肉控制的疾病）的挑战而令人敬佩。
【考点】not just ... but also ... 平衡结构 + for + 动名词 + 同位语内嵌定语从句。人物开篇一句把「学术成就」与「与疾病共处」并列，直接定下全篇双线。
句2
【原句】In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him.
【主干】His illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research rather than teach.
【分层】In the early stages of his career 为时间状语；got worse 中 got 是系动词；but 转折；was allowed to do 为被动 + 不定式；rather than 连接两个并列不定式，其后通常接不带 to 的动词原形（do research ... rather than teach）；which was easier for him 是非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面整句「只做研究不授课」这件事，而非某个名词。
【翻译】职业生涯刚一开始，他的病情就转而恶化；不过研究所允许他只做研究而不必授课，这对他来说轻松一些。
【考点】rather than + 不带 to 不定式 + which 指代整句的非限制性定语从句。写「失去一样、换回另一样」时，but / rather than / which 三件套最顺手。
句3
【原句】In The Grand Design (2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have.
【主干】Hawking argued that we should look for a different way; scientists should put together the ideas they have.
【分层】argued 后接 that 宾语从句；to discover the deepest secrets of the universe 为不定式作 way 的后置定语；Instead of + 动名词 trying to find ... 作让步状语；主句 should put together；that they already have 是定语从句修饰 all the ideas，先行词被 all 修饰时关系代词通常用 that 而不用 which。
【翻译】在《宏伟设计》（2010 年，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著）中，霍金主张我们应换一种方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密；与其追寻一个全新的大解释，科学家不如把已有的想法汇集起来。
【考点】宾语从句 + 不定式作定语 + instead of doing + all 修饰的先行词用 that。一句里既有主张、也有取舍，是学术观点段的标准写法。
六、语法点清单（从句与非谓语）
一、名词性从句
1. 宾语从句：physicians discovered (that) he had a rare ... form of ALS；Hawking believed that the birth of the universe ... created many small black holes；Hawking argued that we should look for a different way ...；He said it had not prevented him from ...。
2. 表语从句：His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole.（that 引导表语从句，不作成分）。
3. 形式主语：附栏 it is impossible to see a black hole（真正主语为不定式）。
二、定语从句
1. a disease that affects muscle control；a piece of speech-generating equipment that allowed him to speak。
2. 先行词被 all 修饰：all the ideas that they already have；不定代词后：Anything that falls into it（附栏）。
3. where 关系副词：a place in space where gravity is very strong（附栏）。
4. which 指代整句：which was easier for him；对比 Unit12 L1 的 the world as we know it today（as 引导）。
三、时态、情态与被动
1. 过去完成时：it had not prevented him from having a family；after the surgeon had finished（跨课对照）。
2. 现在完成时：Everything since then has been a bonus（since then 是标志词）。
3. 被动群：He was only expected to live for a few years / was allowed to do research / My expectations were reduced to zero / where gravity is ...。
4. should 表主张：we should look for ... / scientists should put together ...；not even 否定强调：not even light。
四、非谓语与介词结构
1. 动名词：overcoming the challenges / prevent him from having a family, and being successful（from 后两个并列动名词）/ be dedicated to improving（跨课）/ instead of trying。
2. rather than + 不带 to 不定式：do research only rather than teach。
3. 不定式：to study physics（目的）/ allowed him to speak / to see a black hole / to discover the deepest secrets（定语）。
4. 复合形容词与分词：aged 76 / speech-generating / slow-progressing / A Briefer History of Time / completely separate from。
5. 介词短语转折：in spite of + 名词 / because of + 名词 / As a result / instead of + doing。
七、逻辑链
① 讣闻式开篇：精确到日的逝世（2018 年 3 月 14 日，享年 76 岁），随即用 not just for ... but also for ... 把「理论物理与宇宙学的杰出研究」与「战胜 ALS 的挑战」并列——一句话定下双线：科学家，以及病人。
② 前 21 年：生于牛津、入牛津学物理、剑桥第一年确诊罕见慢性病，被预言只能再活几年。这个「医生预言」与后文「又活了 55 年」，是全篇最大的时间反差。
③ 失去与补偿交替：进剑桥天文研究所；职业早期病情加重，却获准只做研究不授课；1985 年手术失声，医生造出发声设备；再后来连手也动不了。每一段都是「失去一项能力，换来一种继续工作的方式」。
④ 研究从未停止：Although 一转——身体几十年衰退，研究从未 ceased；大爆炸、小黑洞、黑洞中心的洞通向另一宇宙。用 His theory was that ... 把最抽象的宇宙学讲成一句平实的话。
⑤ 让科学走向大众：1988《时间简史》每 750 人一册，却太多人读不懂；Therefore 写简化版。用「畅销」与「读不懂」的落差，写科普的自觉。
⑥ 学术主张：《宏伟设计》里 argued that ... 与其找一个全新的大解释，不如把已有想法汇拢起来——Instead of ... should ...，一句里既有让步也有主张。
⑦ 公众形象：2012 伦敦奥运开幕式对 9 亿观众说「仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心」，把一生的方法论压成一句可被引用的话。
⑧ 人生态度收束：In spite of his disease，不认为自己不幸；「21 岁时我的人生期望值降为零，从那以后一切都是馈赠」，并把成就归功于家人与众多机构。附栏再用四句极简定义回答「什么是黑洞」，给宏大叙事降了一次温。
写法提炼：人物传记的「双线并行」：一条按时间推病情（确诊 → 加重 → 失声 → 失手），一条按领域推成就（黑洞 → 科普 → 方法论 → 公众形象 → 人生态度），两线在每段用 but / Although / In spite of 反复碰撞。可迁移的是精确日期 + not just ... but also ... 开篇、rather than 与 instead of 写取舍、His theory was that ... 化抽象为平实、用一句本人引语收束，以及「附栏用定义句降温」的排版意识。
八、写作迁移（仿写与输出）
仿写模板：On ..., one of the world's most ..., ..., died ..., aged ... . X was famous, not just for ..., but also for ... . X was born on ... . At the age of ..., ... discovered (that) ... . In the early stages of ..., ... got worse, but ... was allowed to ... rather than ..., which ... . Although ... declined over decades, ... never ceased ... . His/Her theory was that ... . In ..., X argued that ... . Instead of trying to ..., ... should ... . In spite of ..., X didn't consider himself/herself ... . "...," X said.
示范：On 4 June, 2019, one of the school's most beloved teachers, Mrs Qiu, retired, aged 68. She was famous, not just for her brilliant work in the maths room, but also for overcoming the challenges of a failing voice. She was born in 1951 in a small town. At the age of 30, doctors discovered (that) she had a rare throat illness and expected her to stop teaching within a year. In the early stages of her career, her voice got worse, but she was allowed to write on the board rather than speak, which was easier for her. Although her health declined over decades, she never ceased her lessons. Her theory was that every slow learner only needed one more example. In her last talk, she argued that we should look for a different way to explain a hard idea. Instead of trying to find one perfect sentence, teachers should put together all the drawings that they already have. In spite of her illness, she didn't consider herself an unlucky woman. "Everything since then has been a bonus," she said.
可迁移句式：① not just for ... but also for ...（并列介词宾语）② 同位语内嵌定语从句（a disease that ...）③ rather than + 不带 to 不定式 ④ which 指代整句的非限制性定语从句 ⑤ His theory was that ...（表语从句）⑥ Instead of doing ..., sb should ... ⑦ In spite of + 名词 ⑧ prevent sb from doing / Everything since then has been ...（现在完成时）。
输出任务：以「被改写的时间表」为题写 150 词人物小传。要求：用精确日期开篇；用 not just ... but also ... 点出人物的两条线；至少 2 处「失去能力 / 换一种方式继续」的转折（可用 but / Although / In spite of）；用 1 个表语从句写出他的核心观点；以一句本人引语收尾；至少 3 处被动语态。
支付后无法下载，请加客服微信：yxyh29661 建议在QQ等浏览器中注册登录后下载，可用QQ登录 谢谢配合。
