一、课文原文及逐段翻译
Unit Ten Lesson 1 How Closely Connected Are We?／我们之间的联系有多紧密？（六度分隔）
第1段原文：Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people, and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us. However, perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think. “Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
译文：研究表明，普通人只与7 至15 个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5 到10 个亲近的人身上。不过，也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人与一个陌生人联系起来。
第2段原文：The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s. The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929, in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
译文：这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。
第3段原文：In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically; but after twenty years, they still had not had any success. In 1967, an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory, which he called the “small-world problem”. He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts. The people sending the packages only knew the name, job and general location of the stranger. Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger. Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person. Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.
译文：20世纪50年代，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论，但20年过去了，仍未成功。1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆试图用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。米尔格拉姆在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格拉姆告诉这些人先把包裹寄给认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。
第4段原文：In the last few decades, the theory and the phrase have appeared again. Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film. Then, more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast. For example, the Oscar-winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”. The lives of all the characters were closely connected, although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart. The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”, as almost all the characters had randomly met each other, or had met someone the other characters knew, before they were all in the same plane crash. In the mid-1990s, two college students in the United States invented a game. The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon, a famous American actor and musician, through no more than six links. Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States.
译文：在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它被用作戏剧标题和电影名称。随后，更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中所有人物彼此不认识、相隔千里，但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。上世纪90年代中期，美国两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这个游戏的玩法是用不超过六个联结将任意一个演员与著名演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。
第5段原文：In 2003, Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’s experiment on the Internet. This became known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”. The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries. The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.
译文：2003年，哥伦比亚大学尝试在互联网上重现米尔格拉姆的实验，被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24163个电子邮件链接，覆盖了来自13个国家的18个目标人物。实验结果证实，联络串上的连接平均数量是6个。
第6段原文：Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages, or five degrees of separation.
译文：最新的是2011年米兰大学的一项实验，该实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段(即五度分隔)，就可建立联系。
第7段原文：So, think about it for a minute: How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels?
译文：所以，思考一下这个问题：你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系？
教材录入说明：教材标题印作 How Closely Connected Are We？（全角问号），规范形式为 How Closely Connected Are We?；第 5 段英文在扫描件里被拆成两行（the average number of links / in the chain was six），本文已按语意合并为一句。
二、重点单词
average adj. ordinary, typical 普通的、一般的；课文 the average person 普通人（不是「平均的人」）。
regular adj. happening often and steadily 经常的、固定的；课文原句：has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people.
communication n. the act of exchanging information 交流、联系；课文原句：most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us.
theory n. an idea that explains something 理论、学说；课文原句：refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person.
chain n. a series of connected things or people 链、一连串；课文 through a chain of no more than five other people 通过不超过五个人的关系链。
concept n. an abstract idea 概念；课文原句：The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s.
network n. a system of connected people or things 网络；课文 friendship networks 朋友关系网、social networks 社交网络。
impression n. an early idea or feeling about something 初步认识、构想；课文原句：his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks.
attempt n. an effort to do something difficult 尝试；课文 an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically（被动式）。
random adj. chosen by chance, not by plan 随机的；课文 a random sample of people 随机抽取的样本。
sample n. a small group chosen to represent a whole 样本；课文 He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America.
parcel n. something wrapped and sent by post 包裹；课文原句：until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person（与 package 同义替换）。
bimonthly adj. appearing every two months 双月刊的；课文 the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today《今日心理学》双月刊。
inspire v. to give somebody the idea for something 启发、催生；课文原句：It was this research that inspired the phrase 'Six Degrees of Separation'.
recreate v. to make something happen again in the same way 重现、复现；课文原句：Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram's experiment on the Internet.
confirm v. to show that something is definitely true 证实；课文原句：The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.
analyse v. to study something in detail 分析；课文原句：an experiment ... analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users.
三、一词多义和熟词生义
chain：熟义 n. 链条、锁链 → 课文义 n. 一连串的人、关系链。a chain of no more than five other people 不超过五个人的关系链，the average number of links in the chain 链条上的平均连接数。写作里 a chain of events 一连串事件也是这个用法。
link：熟义 n. 链接、网址 → 课文义 n. 关系链中的「一环、中间人」，v. 把……联系起来。The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon ... through no more than six links 一句里先作动词、后作名词，两种词性同时出现。
degree：熟义 n. 学位、程度 → 课文义 n.（关系的）层、度。Six Degrees of Separation 六度分隔、four stages, or five degrees of separation 四个阶段即五度分隔；与 stage 阶段互为解释。
stage：熟义 n. 舞台、阶段（进度）→ 课文义 n. 关系传导的「一步」。92 percent were connected by only four stages；注意与 degree 的数差：四个 stage = 五度。
release：熟义 v. 释放、发行 → 课文义 v. 公布（结果）。once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine，once + 过去分词 相当于 once the results were released。
close：熟义 v. 关闭 / adj. 近的 → 课文义 adj. 亲近的（最高级 closest）。five to ten people who are closest to us 最亲近的 5 到 10 个人；closely connected 则是「紧密相连」，别混。
rest：熟义 v./n. 休息 → 课文义 n. 其余的人（the rest）。perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think 我们与世界上其他人的距离也许比想象中更近。
personally：熟义 adv. 就个人而言 → 课文义 adv. 亲自地、本人直接地。send the package to a person they knew personally 寄给他们本人认识的熟人；until the parcel could be personally delivered 直到包裹被亲手送到。
四、重点词块
【下定义与提出理论】
1. refer to ... 指的是…… 2. the theory that ... ……的理论 3. be connected to ... through a chain of ... 通过……的关系链与……相连 4. no more than five other people 不超过另外五个人 5. be closer to ... than we think 比我们以为的更近
【学术行为与实验】
1. an attempt was made to prove the theory mathematically 有人试图用数学方法证明该理论 2. try using a new method to test the theory 试用新方法验证理论 3. choose a random sample of people 随机抽样 4. send packages to a stranger 给陌生人寄包裹 5. recreate the experiment on the Internet 在互联网上重现实验 6. analyse the relationship between ... 分析……之间的关系 7. the results confirmed that ... 结果证实……
【时间轴信号词】
1. as long ago as in the 1920s 早在 20 世纪 20 年代 2. In the 1950s 20 世纪 50 年代 3. In 1967 1967 年 4. In the last few decades 在过去几十年里 5. In the mid-1990s 90 年代中期 6. In 2003 / an experiment in 2011 2003 年 / 2011 年的实验 7. Most recently 最新的是
【传播与影响】
1. the theory and the phrase have appeared again 理论与说法再度出现 2. be used as the title of a play 被用作戏剧标题 3. be based on the concept of ... 基于……的概念 4. inspire the phrase 催生这一说法 5. link A to B through no more than six links 用不超过六个联结把 A 与 B 连起来 6. be played in universities across the US 在美国各大学流行开来
【数据与收束】
1. 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries 涉及 13 国 18 个目标人物的 24163 条邮件链 2. the average number of links in the chain was six 链条平均连接数为 6 3. 92 percent were connected by only four stages 92% 只需四个阶段即可相连 4. think about it for a minute 想一想 5. the driver of the bus you regularly take 你常坐的那趟公交车的司机
五、长难句拆解
句1
【原句】"Six Degrees of Separation" refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.
【主干】"Six Degrees of Separation" refers to the theory that any person can be connected to any other person.
【分层】主句为 refer to；that 引导 theory 的同位语从句（that 不作成分，只解释理论的内容，不能换成 which）；从句用 can be connected 被动；through a chain of ... 为方式状语；no more than 修饰 five other people；any person 与 any other person 前后呼应。
【翻译】「六度分隔」指的是这样一种理论：地球上的任何一个人，都能通过不超过另外五个人的关系链，与另一个陌生人联系起来。
【考点】同位语从句 + 被动语态 + 介词方式状语。给术语下定义时，最稳的骨架就是 X refers to the theory / idea that ...。
句2
【原句】Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.
【主干】Milgram told them to send the package to a person.
【分层】tell sb to do sth 不定式作宾补；a person 后面叠了两层定语从句：they knew personally（省略关系代词 whom/that）与 who they thought might know the target stranger；后一句里 they thought 是插入语，去掉后 who might know ... 仍成立；might 表不太确定的推测。
【翻译】米尔格拉姆让他们把包裹寄给一位他们本人认识、并且觉得可能认识那位目标陌生人的熟人。
【考点】同一先行词叠两个定语从句 + 插入语 you/they think；判断插入语的办法是把它删掉，句子结构仍完整。
句3
【原句】Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages, or five degrees of separation.
【主干】An experiment analysed the relationship and found that 92 percent were connected by four stages.
【分层】主语 an experiment 后叠 in 2011 与 at the University of Milan 两个后置定语；analysed 与 found 是并列谓语；that 引导 found 的宾语从句；by only four stages 表方式；or five degrees of separation 是对 four stages 的同位解释，不是选择关系。
【翻译】最新的是 2011 年米兰大学的一项实验，该实验分析了 7.21 亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现 92% 的用户只需通过四个阶段（即五度分隔）就能建立联系。
【考点】多重后置定语 + 并列谓语 + 宾语从句 + or 作同位解释。科技说明文里「谁 + 做了什么 + 得出什么数字」的标准长句。
六、语法点清单（从句与非谓语）
一、名词性从句
1. 同位语从句：refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person（that 不作成分）。
2. 宾语从句：Research shows (that) the average person only has regular communication ...；The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six；found that 92 percent were connected ...。
3. 介词后宾语从句：the full meaning of what had been said 属同类结构（what 引导）；本课 think about it for a minute: How might you be connected to ...? 则是直接以特殊疑问句收尾。
二、定语从句
1. five to ten people who are closest to us；a person (whom) they knew personally who they thought might know ...（省关系代词 + 插入语）。
2. 省略关系代词：the driver of the bus you regularly take；the person who delivers your parcels。
3. 过去分词作后置定语：more films and TV programmes based on the concept；the Oscar-winning film Babel（复合形容词作定语）。
三、强调句、被动与完成时
1. 强调句：It was this research that inspired the phrase 'Six Degrees of Separation'. 强调主语 this research；去掉 It was ... that 后仍成句。
2. 被动群：an attempt was made / Once the parcel had been received by this person（过去完成时被动）/ could be personally delivered / the results were published / were made and broadcast / was used as the title。
3. 过去完成时：after twenty years, they still had not had any success；Once the parcel had been received ... he/she would send ...（would 表过去习惯性动作）。
四、非谓语
1. 不定式：an attempt to prove the theory mathematically（作定语）/ a new method to test the theory（作定语）/ asked them to send packages（作宾补）。
2. 过去分词作状语：Once released, the results were published（= Once they were released）；based on the concept。
3. 动名词：try using a new method；before he went on holiday 类结构；the idea of the game was to link ...（不定式作表语）。
七、逻辑链
① 反差起笔：先给一组小数字——普通人只与 7 至 15 人经常联系，密切往来其实只有 5 到 10 人；随即用 However 一转：也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中更紧密。
② 下定义：正式解释「六度分隔」——地球上任意两人之间，最多隔着另外五个人。先把概念钉住，后文所有实验才有共同标尺。
③ 溯源 1920s：匈牙利作家考林蒂在《一切皆不同》里提出朋友关系网，影响早期社交网络构想——这是理论的思想起点，不是实证。
④ 第一次实证 1950s—1967：两位科学家想用数学证明，二十年未果；米尔格拉姆改走「寄包裹」实验，包裹只需经 5 至 7 人之手便送达，结果登上《今日心理学》，并直接催生了这个说法。
⑤ 文化扩散：近几十年理论被用作戏剧、电影名，《通天塔》《迷失》都拿它当叙事结构；90 年代中期美国大学生发明「凯文·贝肯六连环」游戏，把学术概念变成校园玩法。
⑥ 互联网复现 2003：哥伦比亚小世界项目用 24163 条邮件链、13 国 18 个目标人物重做实验，平均连接数恰好是 6——数字与理论严丝合缝。
⑦ 大数据升级 2011：米兰大学分析 7.21 亿社交用户，92% 只需四个阶段（五度）即可相连，样本量从几百人跨到数亿人，结论反而更紧。
⑧ 把理论交还读者：结尾不总结，改用一个反问——你与常坐的公交车司机、给你送包裹的人，可能隔着几层？宏大研究落到日常一瞬。
写法提炼：全篇是一条「时间轴 + 证据升级」链：1920s → 1950s → 1967 → 近几十年 → 90 年代中期 → 2003 → 2011 → Most recently。每一段都是「谁 + 做了什么 + 得出什么数字」，靠 as long ago as / In the 1950s / In the last few decades / Most recently 串联；概念只定义一次，后面全是验证。写说明文可直接照搬这个骨架，再配一个把结论拉回读者身上的反问收尾。
八、写作迁移（仿写与输出）
仿写模板：Research shows that ..., and that .... However, perhaps ... . 'X' refers to the theory that .... The concept was first talked about as long ago as in .... In ..., an attempt was made to .... It was ... that inspired the phrase. Most recently, an experiment ... analysed ... and found that .... So, think about it for a minute: How might you ...?
示范：Research shows that most people only share a message with three to five friends, and that most of those shares stop there. However, perhaps a piece of news travels further than we think. 'Three Steps to Everyone' refers to the theory that any post can reach any reader through a chain of no more than three sharers. The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1960s. In 2010, an attempt was made to test it with email chains. Most recently, an experiment in 2020 analysed 4 million reposts and found that 88 percent reached a stranger in only three steps. So, think about it for a minute: How might your last message be connected to a classmate you have never met?
可迁移句式：① X refers to the theory that ...（同位语从句下定义）② It was ... that ...（强调句点出关键研究）③ Once released / Once received（过去分词作状语）④ the results confirmed that ... ⑤ no more than / only four stages ⑥ be connected to ... through a chain of ... ⑦ 时间轴信号词串联。
输出任务：以「一条消息能传多远」为题写 120 词说明文。要求：用 1 个同位语从句给概念下定义；按时间轴给出至少三组「谁 + 做了什么 + 数字」的证据；用 1 个强调句点出最关键的一次研究；结尾用一个反问把结论拉回读者；至少使用 3 个本课词块（refer to / no more than / be connected to ... through / the results confirmed that / most recently 等）。
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