Developing ideas 课文精读 · 联大
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
第1段
Throughout history, the great thinkers of the world have often rather romantically referred to their academic struggles as being like "war". However, for most of them, the "war" has been purely symbolic. Real war is never romantic as it brings suffering and immense challenges.
纵观历史，世界上伟大的思想家们常常以一种浪漫的说法把他们的学术之争比喻为"战争"。然而，对他们中的大多数人来说，"战争"一词纯粹是象征性的。真正的战争从来不是浪漫的，因为它会带来痛苦和巨大的挑战。
第2段
In 1937, the aggression of the Japanese army brought disaster to China's three great universities: Peking University and Tsinghua University were occupied by Japanese troops, while Nankai University was completely destroyed by bombing. To save their educational and intellectual heritage, the three universities joined together in Kunming as National Southwest Associated University, otherwise known as Lianda.
1937年，日军的侵略给中国三所著名大学带来了灾难：北京大学和清华大学被日本军队占领，南开大学被彻底炸毁。为了保护教育和知识遗产，这三所大学在昆明联合成立了国立西南联合大学，简称联大。
第3段
Professors and students alike in the three universities made an epic journey over a distance of more than 2,000 kilometres, most of them on foot. Their bed was the dusty road and their roof was the open sky, often lit up by exploding Japanese bombs. Conditions were little better once they reached the remote and mountainous south-west part of China. They had to live in rough buildings, packed 40 to a room, like sardines. There were dire shortages of food, books, and equipment. Furthermore, classes were frequently disrupted due to fierce air attacks and often had to be held before 10 am and after 4 pm.
这三所大学的教授和学生们完成了一场2,000多千米的漫长而艰辛的行程，他们中的大部分人都是徒步完成的。他们以尘土飞扬的道路为床，以开阔的、经常被日军的炸弹照亮的天空为屋顶。到了中国西南部的偏远山区后，情况也没有好多少。他们不得不住在简陋的房子里，40个人像沙丁鱼一样挤在一间屋子里，食物、书籍和设备严重短缺。此外，由于猛烈的空袭，课堂经常中断，因此上课时间往往在上午10点前和下午4点后。
第4段
However, despite the immense hardships and the daunting challenges, it was right in this place, over a period of eight long years, that the nation's intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified by the passion and belief of the worthy academics of Lianda. It is no wonder that many, if not most, of China's leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda, including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao. "Lianda laid the foundation for every achievement I have made," Yang recalled. He still remembers learning in a temporary classroom that had no glass in the windows. "On windy days, we had to hold down the paper on the desk, which would otherwise be blown away," he said.
然而，尽管面临着巨大的困难和艰巨的挑战，在这个地方，经过八年漫长的岁月，国家的知识遗产不仅得到了保护，还得到了强化，这些都归功于联大杰出学者们的热情和信念。难怪即使不是大多数，但也有许多中国领先的学者和科学家都是联大出身，包括两位诺贝尔奖得主，物理学家杨振宁和李政道。"联大为我所取得的每项成就奠定了基础。"杨振宁回忆道。他还记得在一间窗户没有玻璃的临时教室里学习。"在刮风的日子里，我们不得不把纸按在桌子上，否则纸就会被风吹走。"他说。
第5段
With the country at war, students at Lianda were not going to shirk their duty. Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation. In fact, Lianda provided the largest number of student-soldiers from any campus in China. Of the thousands of college students from all over China who served as interpreters, one tenth were from Lianda, including the well-known translators Zha Liangzheng and Xu Yuanchong. Zha later depicted the contributions of his peers in a poem:
国家正处于战争状态，联大的学生们不会逃避他们的责任。在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。事实上，联大输送的学生士兵的数量是中国所有校园中最多的。在来自全国各地担任翻译的数千名大学生中，有十分之一的人来自联大，其中包括著名的翻译家查良铮和许渊冲。查良铮后来在一首诗中描述了他的同龄人所做的贡献：
Softly, on the hillside forgotten by all,
misty rain falls in a gentle breeze;
There is no trace of the footprints of history,
Where brave souls once stood, breathing new life into the trees.
……静静的，在那被遗忘的山坡上，
还下着密雨，还吹着细风，
没有人知道历史曾在此走过，
留下了英灵化入树干而滋生。
第6段
A product of the war, Lianda is now physically gone. But it has become the crowning glory of China's modern universities, not only because of its prominent professors and talented students, but also because of the school's strong spirit of perseverance and dedication. In 2017, representatives from Peking University, Tsinghua University, Nankai University and Yunnan Normal University gathered to commemorate the 80th anniversary of its founding.
作为战争的产物，联大现在已经不复存在。但它已经成为了中国现代大学的最高荣耀，这不仅仅是因为那些杰出的教授和才华横溢的学生，也因为联大坚韧不拔和勇于奉献的精神。2017年，北京大学、清华大学、南开大学和云南师范大学的代表们齐聚一堂，共同纪念联大建校80周年。
第7段
More than eighty years on, the priceless contribution of Lianda still needs to be reaffirmed. It has become part of the collective memory of the Chinese nation, with its spirit as the blueprint for all universities in China in the modern era.
尽管已经历经80多年，联大做出的无价贡献仍值得重申。它已成为中华民族集体记忆的一部分，联大精神更是描绘了现代中国所有大学的蓝图。
二、重点单词
romantically adv.：浪漫地；不切实际地。rather romantically referred to ... as ...
symbolic adj.：象征性的。the "war" has been purely symbolic
aggression n.：侵略；攻击。the aggression of the Japanese army
intellectual adj. / n.：知识的；知识分子。educational and intellectual heritage
epic adj.：宏大的；艰苦卓绝的。made an epic journey
dire adj.：极其严重的。There were dire shortages of food
disrupt v.：打断；扰乱。classes were frequently disrupted
hardship n.：艰难；困苦。despite the immense hardships
daunting adj.：令人畏惧的；艰巨的。the daunting challenges
fortify v.：加强；巩固。was not only guarded but fortified
shirk v.：逃避；推卸。were not going to shirk their duty
perseverance n.：毅力；坚持不懈。spirit of perseverance and dedication
blueprint n.：蓝图；范本。with its spirit as the blueprint
三、一词多义与熟词生义
referred to ... as 常见义"把……称作"，课文 referred to their academic struggles as being like "war" 中 as 后接比喻，意为"把……比作"。
bed / roof 本义"床 / 屋顶"，课文 Their bed was the dusty road and their roof was the open sky 中用作比喻，指"以路为床、以天为盖"，形容露宿奔波。
packed 常见义"打包、包装"，课文 packed 40 to a room, like sardines 中取"挤满、塞满"义，形容极度拥挤。
guarded 常见义"守卫、看守"，课文 the nation's intellectual heritage was ... guarded 中取"被保护、被守护"义，与 heritage 搭配。
product 常见义"产品（工业）"，课文 A product of the war 中引申为"产物"，指由战争催生的结果。
gone 常见义"离开的"，课文 Lianda is now physically gone 中意为"不复存在、已消失"，指实体消亡。
四、重点词块
refer to ... as 把……称作/比作
throughout history 纵观历史
bring disaster to 给……带来灾难
be occupied by 被……占领
join together as 联合成立为
otherwise known as 又称；简称
over a distance of 跨越……的距离
like sardines 像沙丁鱼一样（拥挤）
dire shortages of 严重短缺
due to 由于；因为
guard one's heritage 守护某人的遗产
lay the foundation for 为……奠定基础
shirk one's duty 逃避责任
the crowning glory 最高荣耀
commemorate the anniversary 纪念周年
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】Throughout history, the great thinkers of the world have often rather romantically referred to their academic struggles as being like "war".
【主干】the great thinkers have referred to their academic struggles as being like "war".
【分层】Throughout history 为时间状语；rather romantically 为评注性状语修饰 referred；refer to ... as ... 为固定结构，as being like "war" 作宾语补足语。
【译文】纵观历史，世界上伟大的思想家们常常以一种浪漫的说法把他们的学术之争比喻为"战争"。
【考点】refer to ... as ... 结构；评注性状语；现在分词 being 作补语。
【原句 2】To save their educational and intellectual heritage, the three universities joined together in Kunming as National Southwest Associated University, otherwise known as Lianda.
【主干】the three universities joined together in Kunming as ... University.
【分层】To save ... 为不定式作目的状语；as National Southwest Associated University 为介词短语作宾语（joined together as ...）或同位语；otherwise known as Lianda 为过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 University。
【译文】为了保护教育和知识遗产，这三所大学在昆明联合成立了国立西南联合大学，简称联大。
【考点】不定式目的状语；as 的多种用法；过去分词作后置定语。
【原句 3】However, despite the immense hardships and the daunting challenges, it was right in this place, over a period of eight long years, that the nation's intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified by the passion and belief of the worthy academics of Lianda.
【主干】it was right in this place that the nation's intellectual heritage was not only guarded but fortified.
【分层】despite ... 为让步状语；it was ... that ... 为强调句型，强调地点状语 right in this place，over a period of ... 为插入的时间状语；谓语为 not only ... but (also) ... 连接的被动结构。
【译文】然而，尽管面临着巨大的困难和艰巨的挑战，在这个地方，经过八年漫长的岁月，国家的知识遗产不仅得到了保护，还得到了强化，这些都归功于联大杰出学者们的热情和信念。
【考点】强调句型；despite 让步状语；not only ... but ... 并列被动。
【原句 4】On windy days, we had to hold down the paper on the desk, which would otherwise be blown away.
【主干】we had to hold down the paper.
【分层】On windy days 为时间状语；which would otherwise be blown away 为非限制性定语从句修饰 the paper，otherwise 意为"否则、要不然"，从句谓语为虚拟语气（would be blown）。
【译文】在刮风的日子里，我们不得不把纸按在桌子上，否则纸就会被风吹走。
【考点】which 非限制性定语从句；otherwise 引导的含蓄虚拟；被动语态。
【原句 5】Of the thousands of college students from all over China who served as interpreters, one tenth were from Lianda, including the well-known translators Zha Liangzheng and Xu Yuanchong.
【主干】one tenth were from Lianda.
【分层】Of the thousands of ... 为介词短语作范围状语（"在……之中"）；who served as interpreters 为定语从句修饰 students；including ... 为现在分词短语作状语，举例说明。
【译文】在来自全国各地担任翻译的数千名大学生中，有十分之一的人来自联大，其中包括著名的翻译家查良铮和许渊冲。
【考点】of 表范围；who 定语从句；including 分词状语。
六、语法点清单
1. 现在完成时（贯穿时间）
have often referred ...；has become ...；still needs to be reaffirmed。用于陈述从过去延续至今或仍有现实意义的状况。
2. 强调句型 it is/was ... that ...
it was right in this place ... that the nation's intellectual heritage was ...。强调地点状语。
3. 被动语态（多样时态）
were occupied；was completely destroyed；was guarded but fortified；would otherwise be blown away。注意被动在不同时态中的构成。
4. 让步状语（despite / although）
despite the immense hardships ...；With the country at war（独立主格表让步）。despite 后接名词，不与 but 连用。
5. 非限制性定语从句（which / who）
which would otherwise be blown away；who served as interpreters；including ... Zha and Xu。which/who 指代前文，用逗号隔开。
6. 平行与对比结构
not only guarded but fortified；because of ... but also because of ...；Peking, Tsinghua, Nankai and Yunnan。平行结构使论证更有力。
七、逻辑链
立论（第1段）：学者常以"战争"喻学术之争，但真战争残酷无比 → 引出真实战火中的大学
↓
缘起（第2段）：1937年日军侵华，三校遭劫 → 南迁昆明合组"联大"以存文脉
↓
苦难（第3段）：两千公里徒步南迁，露宿山野、物资奇缺、空袭扰课
↓
成就（第4—5段）：于艰险中守护并强化国族学脉，英才辈出；学子投笔从戎、译员报国
↓
精神（第6—7段）：联大虽逝，其坚毅奉献之魂成为现代大学之最高荣耀与蓝图
这是一篇"史论结合"的记叙文：第1—2段由虚入实，交代联大成立的时代背景；第3段浓墨写南迁与办学的极端艰苦；第4—5段写苦难中迸发的学术与教育成就、家国担当；第6—7段收束于精神遗产的永恒意义，呼应"热情、信念、奉献"的标题。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：Throughout history, ... have often referred to ... as ...
课文：Throughout history, the great thinkers ... have often rather romantically referred to their academic struggles as being like "war".
仿写：Throughout history, people have often referred to time as a river.（纵观历史，人们常把时间比作河流。）——用于开篇引出比喻性论断。
模板 2：To save ..., ... joined together as ..., otherwise known as ...
课文：To save their educational heritage, the three universities joined together ... as ..., otherwise known as Lianda.
仿写：To protect the language, the tribes joined together as a council, otherwise known as the League.（为守护语言，各部族联合组成议事会，简称"联盟"。）——用于写联合与别称。
模板 3：it was ... that ... not only ... but ...
课文：it was right in this place ... that the heritage was not only guarded but fortified.
仿写：It was in that small village that his character was not only tested but strengthened.（正是在那个小村庄，他的品格不仅受到考验，更得到锤炼。）——用于强调地点兼递进。
模板 4：Driven by a sense of ..., a great many ...
课文：Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to ...
仿写：Driven by a sense of responsibility, a great many volunteers went to the front.（在责任感的驱使下，许多志愿者奔赴前线。）——用于写受某种精神驱动的行动。
模板 5：... has become the crowning glory of ..., not only because of ..., but also because of ...
课文：it has become the crowning glory of China's modern universities, not only because of ... but also because of ...
仿写：The reform has become the crowning glory of the city, not only because of its economy, but also because of its culture.（这场改革已成为该城市的最高荣耀，不仅因其经济，也因其文化。）——用于总结成就的多重原因。
支付后无法下载，请加客服微信：yxyh29661 建议在QQ等浏览器中注册登录后下载，可用QQ登录 谢谢配合。