Reading and Thinking 课文精读 · 屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖
一、课文原文及逐段翻译
第1段
This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦（共同获奖者），她的研究促使了青蒿素的发现。这是一种至关重要的治疗疟疾的新疗法。青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，并改善了数百万人的健康状况。全世界每年有超过2亿人罹患疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分，据认为仅在非洲一年就能挽救10万人的生命。
第2段
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
屠呦呦，一位坚定而耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。毕业后，她在北京的中国中医研究院工作。1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。在开始的时候，屠呦呦去了海南研究疟疾患者，在那里疟疾更常见。1969年，她成为北京项目的负责人，并决定复阅中国古代医学文献，以寻找这种疾病的传统植物疗法。她的团队查阅了2000多本古老的医学文献，并对28万种植物的药用性能进行了评估。在他们的研究中，他们发现并测试了380种不同的中国古代医疗方法，这些方法为抗击疟疾带来了希望。
第3段
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu Youyou's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
一本四世纪的医药文献推荐使用青蒿提取物来治疗发烧。屠呦呦的团队测试了一批干艾叶，但没有发现效果。然后，他们试着把新鲜的青蒿煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。他们的计划陷入了困境。然而，屠呦呦并不承认失败。她又分析了一遍医学文献，偶然发现了一句话，建议用另一种方法来处理青蒿。她的结论是，煮青蒿显然破坏了它的药用特性。她用较低的温度提取提取物，发现了一种有效的物质。在失败了190多次之后，这个团队终于在1971年成功了。屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是安全的。后来，这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了测试，大部分受试患者都康复了。这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快成为治疗疟疾的标准药物。
第4段
According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, "The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world."
屠呦呦说，青蒿素的发现是一个团队努力的结果。当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说："这个荣誉不仅仅属于我。在我身后有一个团队，还有我的国家的全体人民。这一成功证明了中医的巨大价值。中国的科研和中医药走向世界，确实是一种荣誉。"
二、重点单词
commit v.：承诺；致力于。a committed and patient scientist
objective n.：目标；目的。with the objective of discovering a new treatment
evaluate v.：评估；评价。evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties
property n.：性质；属性；财产。medical properties（药用性能）
distinct adj.：不同的；明显的。380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments
extract n. / v.：提取物；提取。the extract from sweet wormwood
boil v.：煮沸；烧开。boiling fresh wormwood
acknowledge v.：承认；确认。would not acknowledge defeat
substance n.：物质；实质。a substance that worked
insist v.：坚持；坚决要求。insisted on testing the medicine on themselves
recovered v.：康复；恢复。most of whom recovered
三、一词多义与熟词生义
commit 常见义"犯（错、罪）"，课文中 a committed scientist 作形容词，意为"坚定的、投入的、尽心尽力的"。
property 常见义"财产、房地产"，课文中 medical properties 指"（植物的）药用性质、特性"。
extract 既可作名词"提取物"（the extract from sweet wormwood），也可作动词"提取、摘录"。
draw out 常见义"拖延、拉长"，课文中 draw out the extract 意为"提取出（提取物）"，draw 此处指"取出、抽出"。
standard 常见义"标准的"，课文中 a standard treatment 引申为"标准疗法、常规治疗手段"。
四、重点词块
lead to 导致；促成
a crucial new treatment for 治疗……的一种关键新疗法
get malaria 染上疟疾
die from 死于（某种原因）
with the objective of 以……为目标
be among the first ... chosen 是首批被选中的……之一
review ancient Chinese medical texts 研读中国古代医学文献
show promise in 在……方面显现成效 / 有希望
get stuck 陷入困境；卡住
by chance 偶然；碰巧
draw out the extract 提取出提取物
insist on doing 坚持做……
a team effort 团队的努力 / 集体成果
五、长难句拆解
【原句 1】This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.
【主干】This year's Nobel Prize ... has been awarded to Tu Youyou.
【分层】for Physiology or Medicine 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 Prize；co-winner 为同位语；whose 引导非限制性定语从句修饰 Tu Youyou，从句中 a crucial new treatment for malaria 作 artemisinin 的同位语。
【译文】今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦（共同获奖者），她的研究促使了青蒿素的发现，这是一种治疗疟疾的关键新疗法。
【考点】现在完成时被动语态 has been done；whose 引导的非限制性定语从句；同位语的用法。
【原句 2】Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties.
【主干】Her team examined ... texts, and evaluated ... plants.
【分层】and 连接两个并列谓语 examined 与 evaluated；over 2,000 与 280,000 分别为数量定语；for their medical properties 为介词短语作目的 / 方面状语。
【译文】她的团队查阅了2000多本古老的医学文献，并对28万种植物的药用性能进行了评估。
【考点】并列谓语结构；大数字的表达与朗读；for 短语作状语。
【原句 3】She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.
【主干】She concluded that ...
【分层】that 引导宾语从句；从句主语为动名词短语 boiling the sweet wormwood，apparently 为副词修饰谓语动词 destroyed，its medical properties 为宾语。
【译文】她的结论是，煮青蒿显然破坏了它的药用特性。
【考点】that 宾语从句；动名词短语作主语；副词修饰动词的位置。
六、语法点清单
1. 现在完成时被动语态
has been awarded to ...；is thought to save ...。强调动作的承受者，常与表示"影响、结果"的语境搭配。
2. 非限制性定语从句（whose / which）
whose research led to ... 修饰 Tu Youyou；which was called artemisinin 修饰 medicine。which / whose 指代先行词，补充说明而不限定。
3. 介词 + which / whom 引导的定语从句
Hainan, where malaria was more common（where = in which）；malaria patients, most of whom recovered（whom 指 patients）。
4. 动名词作主语 / 宾语
boiling the sweet wormwood 作主语；draw out the extract 中 extract 为名词宾语。动名词使"动作"名词化。
5. insist on + 动名词
insisted on testing the medicine on themselves。on 为介词，后接 doing。
6. 同位语
(co-winner) 与 a crucial new treatment for malaria 分别对 Tu Youyou 与 artemisinin 作解释说明。
七、逻辑链
开篇（第1段）：以诺贝尔奖引出人物与成就——青蒿素挽救无数生命
↓
背景（第2段）：屠呦呦的求学与入选抗疟团队，团队海量筛选古籍与植物
↓
攻坚（第3段）：从古籍获启发，低温提取，历经190余次失败终获成功，以身试药
↓
升华（第4段）：屠呦呦谦逊归功团队，点明中医药的世界价值
本文是一篇"人物成就 + 科学精神"的记叙性说明文：第1段用奖项与数据立住人物；第2—3段按时间顺序回溯科研历程，突出"坚守、严谨、不怕失败"；第4段以引语收束，升华到团队合作与中医价值。
八、写作迁移
模板 1：... has been awarded to ..., whose research led to ...
课文：This year's Nobel Prize ... has been awarded to Tu Youyou, whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin.
仿写：The highest honour has been awarded to the engineer, whose invention led to a cleaner city.（最高荣誉授予了这位工程师，他的发明造就了一座更清洁的城市。）——用于介绍人物及其贡献。
模板 2：With the objective of ..., ...
课文：... formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria.
仿写：We set up a reading club with the objective of broadening our horizons.（我们成立读书会，目的是拓宽视野。）——用于说明目的。
模板 3：However, ... would not acknowledge defeat.
课文：However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.
仿写：However, the young inventor would not acknowledge defeat and kept improving his design.（然而，这位年轻发明家不肯认输，不断改进设计。）——用于转折，凸显韧性。
模板 4：After failing ... times, ... finally succeeded in ...
课文：After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971.
仿写：After failing dozens of times, she finally succeeded in passing the exam.（在失败数十次后，她终于通过了考试。）——用于写"坚持终有回报"。
模板 5：... was a team effort.
课文：the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort.
仿写：The victory of the match was a team effort, not the work of a single player.（这场比赛的胜利是团队的努力，而非一人的功劳。）——用于强调合作。
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