一、逐句翻译
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.
微塑料已经成为地球上一种常见的污染源——它们沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上，嵌在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪上。
They are even appearing inside humans.
它们甚至出现在人体内部。
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap: boiling and filtering it.
现在，新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低水龙头出水中微塑料的含量：煮沸并过滤。
In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
在周三发表于《环境科学与技术快报》的一项研究中，中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸仅五分钟——待其冷却后过滤——可以去除其中至少80%的微塑料。
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics.
关键在于，这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料颗粒。
In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.
在这项研究中，煮沸含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水使塑料含量下降了近90%。
But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.
但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本中，煮沸仅使塑料含量降低了25%。
Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics.
此外，这项研究并未涵盖所有类型的塑料。
The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
该团队只关注了三种常见类型——聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯——并且他们没有研究此前在水中发现的其他化学物质，如氯乙烯。
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.
尽管如此，这些发现为减少微塑料暴露指出了一条潜在的前进道路——而这项任务正变得越来越困难。
Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
科学家今年早些时候发现，甚至连瓶装水所含的微塑料都比原先认为的多10到1000倍。
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns.
科学家们仍在试图确定微塑料到底有多大的危害——但已知的情况已经引发了担忧。
The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.
这项新研究表明，煮沸自来水可以成为限制摄入的一种手段。
"The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.
“他们展示微塑料在煮沸过程中如何被捕获的方式很好，”苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳·戈肖特-林赛告诉《新科学家》杂志，她本人并未参与这项研究。
"We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics."
“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，使它们能够去除微塑料。”
二、练习题
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
作者在第一段是如何呈现这一问题的？
A. By quoting an expert.
A. 通过引用专家的话。
B. By defining a concept.
B. 通过定义一个概念。
C. By giving examples.
C. 通过举例。
D. By providing statistics.
D. 通过提供统计数据。
答案解析：C
第一段通过列举微塑料遍布深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟腹中、南极新雪乃至人体内等具体实例，生动呈现了微塑料污染这一全球性问题的普遍性和严重性，属于典型的“举例子”手法。故选C。
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
什么决定了在水中捕获微塑料的效果？
A. The hardness of water.
A. 水的硬度。
B. The length of cooling time.
B. 冷却时间的长度。
C. The frequency of filtering.
C. 过滤的频率。
D. The type of plastic in water.
D. 水中塑料的类型。
答案解析：A
根据第三段关键信息“this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate”以及后续对比数据（硬水去除近90%，软水仅去除25%）可知，水中碳酸钙的含量，即水的硬度，直接决定了微塑料被捕获的效果。故选A。
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
作者在第四段提到瓶装水是为了说明什么？
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
A. 塑料回收的重要性。
B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
B. 微塑料问题的严峻性。
C. The danger in overusing pure water.
C. 过度使用纯净水的危险。
D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
D. 处理污染水的困难。
答案解析：B
第四段在介绍完煮沸法后，补充指出“今年早些时候科学家发现，瓶装水中的微塑料含量比原先认为的多10到1000倍”，意在通过这一新数据进一步凸显微塑料污染问题的严峻程度。故选B。
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about?
戈肖特-林赛的建议是关于什么的？
A. Choice of new research methods.
A. 新研究方法的选择。
B. Possible direction for further study.
B. 进一步研究的可能方向。
C. Need to involve more researchers.
C. 需要更多研究人员参与。
D. Potential application of the findings.
D. 研究发现的潜在应用。
答案解析：D
文章最后Gauchotte-Lindsay表示“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”，这是基于研究发现提出的现实应用方向，即建议将该研究的发现转化为实际应用。故选D。
三、长难句解析
句子一
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.
结构分析：
- 主干： Microplastics have become a common source of pollution
- 主语：Microplastics
- 系动词：have become
- 表语：a common source of pollution
- 地点状语： across the Earth
- 破折号引出并列解释分句： they have settled..., stuck..., filled..., and even fallen...
- 主语：they（指代 Microplastics）
- 并列谓语（现在完成时）：
- have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas（沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上）
- （have）stuck inside volcanic rocks（嵌在火山岩中）
- （have）filled the stomachs of seabirds（填满海鸟的胃）
- （have）even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow（甚至落在南极新雪上）
- 注意：破折号后省略了重复的 have，形成排比结构
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 破折号 | 引出具体例证，解释说明前文 |
| 并列谓语省略 | settled / stuck / filled / fallen 前均省略了 have |
| 现在完成时 | have + 过去分词，强调已完成的动作及其对现在的影响 |
翻译： 微塑料已经成为地球上一种常见的污染源——它们沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上，嵌在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪上。
句子二
In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
结构分析：
- 主干： researchers from China found that...
- 主语：researchers
- 后置定语：from China
- 谓语：found
- 宾语从句：that boiling tap water... could remove...
- 状语： In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters
- published Wednesday... 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 a study
- in Environmental Science & Technology Letters 为期刊名称
- 宾语从句内部：
- 主语：boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools
- boiling 为动名词
- 破折号后 then filtering it after it cools 为补充说明
- after it cools 为时间状语从句，修饰 filtering
- 谓语：could remove
- 宾语：at least 80 percent of its microplastics
- 主语：boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 过去分词作后置定语 | published Wednesday... |
| 动名词作主语 | boiling tap water... |
| 宾语从句 | that 引导，作 found 的宾语 |
| 破折号补充说明 | then filtering it after it cools |
翻译： 在周三发表于《环境科学与技术快报》的一项研究中，中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸仅五分钟——待其冷却后过滤——可以去除其中至少80%的微塑料。
句子三
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate to trap the plastics.
结构分析：
- 主干： this process relies on the water
- 主语：this process
- 谓语：relies on
- 宾语：the water
- 副词作评注性状语： Crucially（关键的是）
- 宾语补足语（现在分词短语）： containing enough calcium carbonate
- 修饰 the water，构成 rely on + 宾语 + doing 结构
- 目的状语： to trap the plastics
- 修饰 containing，表示“含有……以捕获塑料”
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| rely on + 宾语 + doing | 依赖某人/某物做某事 |
| 副词作评注性状语 | Crucially 修饰整个句子 |
| 不定式表目的 | to trap the plastics |
翻译： 关键在于，这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料颗粒。
句子四
Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
结构分析：
- 主干： Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics
- 主语：Even bottled water
- 谓语：contains
- 宾语：10 to 1,000 times more microplastics
- 插入语： scientists found earlier this year
- 插入在主谓之间，起补充信息来源的作用
- 比较状语从句（省略）： than originally thought
- 完整形式：than microplastics were originally thought to contain
- 省略了主语和部分谓语
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 插入语 | scientists found earlier this year |
| 倍数表达 | 10 to 1,000 times more... than... |
| 比较状语从句省略 | than（microplastics were）originally thought |
翻译： 科学家今年早些时候发现，甚至连瓶装水所含的微塑料都比原先认为的多10到1000倍。
句子五
"The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.
结构分析：
- 直接引语部分： "The way... was nice"
- 主语：The way
- 定语从句（省略 that/in which）： they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process
- 修饰 The way
- how microplastics were trapped 为 demonstrated 的宾语从句
- through the boiling process 为方式状语
- 系动词：was
- 表语：nice
- 引述部分： Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay tells New Scientist
- 主语：Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay
- 同位语： an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland
- 解释说明 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 的身份
- 定语从句（who 引导）： who was not involved in the research
- 修饰 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay
- 谓语：tells
- 宾语：New Scientist
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| the way + 定语从句 | the way（that/in which）they demonstrated... |
| 同位语 | an environmental engineer... |
| who 引导非限制性定语从句 | who was not involved in the research |
| 多层从句嵌套 | 定语从句中套宾语从句 |
翻译： “他们展示微塑料在煮沸过程中如何被捕获的方式很好，”苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳·戈肖特-林赛告诉《新科学家》杂志，她本人并未参与这项研究。
句子六
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.
结构分析：
- 主干： the findings show a potential path forward
- 主语：the findings
- 谓语：show
- 宾语：a potential path forward
- forward 为副词作后置定语，修饰 path，表示“前进的道路”
- 连接副词： Still（尽管如此，表转折）
- 介词短语作定语： for reducing microplastic exposure
- 修饰 path，表示“减少微塑料暴露的途径”
- 破折号引出同位语： a task that's becoming increasingly difficult
- a task 指代 reducing microplastic exposure
- that's becoming increasingly difficult 为定语从句，修饰 a task
- increasingly 修饰 difficult，表示“越来越困难”
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 副词作后置定语 | path forward（前进的道路） |
| 破折号引出同位语 | a task that's becoming... |
| increasingly + adj. | 越来越…… |
翻译： 尽管如此，这些发现为减少微塑料暴露指出了一条潜在的前进道路——而这项任务正变得越来越困难。
句子七
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns.
结构分析：
- 并列句，由 but 连接：
- 分句一： Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are
- 主语：Scientists
- 谓语：are still trying
- 目的状语：to determine
- 宾语从句：how harmful microplastics are（微塑料有多大危害）
- 分句二： what they do know has raised concerns
- 主语：what they do know（what 引导的主语从句）
- do 为强调用法，加强语气，意为“确实知道的”
- 谓语：has raised
- 宾语：concerns
- 主语：what they do know（what 引导的主语从句）
- 分句一： Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are
语法要点：
| 项目 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| how 引导宾语从句 | how harmful microplastics are |
| what 引导主语从句 | what they do know |
| do 表强调 | do know = 确实知道 |
| 破折号表转折 | —but what they do know... |
翻译： 科学家们仍在试图确定微塑料到底有多大的危害——但已知的情况已经引发了担忧。
四、高考高频核心词
microplastic n. 微塑料
→ 文中：Microplastics have become a common source of pollution.
source n. 来源，源头
→ 文中：a common source of pollution
→ 高频搭配：a source of... ……的来源
pollution n. 污染
→ 文中：a common source of pollution
→ 拓展：pollute v. 污染；pollutant n. 污染物
settle v. 沉淀，沉积；定居；解决
→ 文中：settled in the deep sea 沉积在深海
→ 熟词生义：常见义为“定居、解决”，文中义为“沉淀”
measure n. 措施，方法；v. 测量
→ 文中：a simple, cheap measure 一种简单廉价的方法
→ 高频搭配：take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
significantly adv. 显著地，明显地
→ 文中：significantly reduce the level
→ 拓展：significant adj. 显著的；significance n. 重要性
reduce v. 减少，降低
→ 文中：reduce the level of microplastics
→ 同义替换：decrease, lower, cut down
filter v. 过滤；n. 过滤器
→ 文中：boiling and filtering it
→ 拓展：filter out 过滤掉
publish v. 发表，出版
→ 文中：published Wednesday in...
→ 高频搭配：be published in 发表于
remove v. 去除，移除
→ 文中：remove at least 80 percent
→ 拓展：removal n. 移除
crucially adv. 关键地，至关重要地
→ 文中：Crucially, this process relies on...
→ 拓展：crucial adj. 关键的
rely v. 依赖，依靠
→ 文中：relies on the water containing...
→ 高频搭配：rely on = depend on 依赖
contain v. 包含，含有
→ 文中：containing enough calcium carbonate
→ 拓展：container n. 容器
trap v. 捕获，困住；n. 陷阱
→ 文中：to trap the plastics 捕获塑料
→ 熟词生义：常见义为“陷阱（名词）”，文中为动词“捕获”
sample n. 样本，样品
→ 文中：in samples with less than 60 milligrams
→ 拓展：sample v. 取样，抽样
additionally adv. 此外，另外
→ 文中：Additionally, the research didn't include...
→ 同义替换：besides, moreover, furthermore
focus v. 集中，聚焦
→ 文中：focused only on three common types
→ 高频搭配：focus on 集中于
potential adj. 潜在的，可能的；n. 潜力
→ 文中：a potential path forward 一条潜在的前进道路
→ 拓展：potentially adv. 潜在地
exposure n. 暴露，接触
→ 文中：reducing microplastic exposure
→ 高频搭配：exposure to 接触……
→ 拓展：expose v. 暴露
increasingly adv. 越来越，日益
→ 文中：increasingly difficult
→ 拓展：increase v. 增加
determine v. 确定，查明；决定
→ 文中：trying to determine how harmful
→ 拓展：determination n. 决心
harmful adj. 有害的
→ 文中：how harmful microplastics are
→ 高频搭配：be harmful to 对……有害
→ 拓展：harm n./v. 伤害；harmless adj. 无害的
concern n. 担忧，关切；v. 使担忧
→ 文中：has raised concerns 引发了担忧
→ 高频搭配：raise concerns 引发担忧；be concerned about 担心
intake n. 摄入量，摄取
→ 文中：a tool to limit intake
→ 拓展：take in 摄入，吸收
demonstrate v. 展示，证明，演示
→ 文中：they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped
→ 拓展：demonstration n. 展示，证明
involve v. 参与，涉及
→ 文中：who was not involved in the research
→ 高频搭配：be involved in 参与
upgrade v. 升级，改进
→ 文中：upgrading drinking water treatment plants
→ 拓展：update v. 更新（注意区分）
treatment n. 处理；治疗
→ 文中：drinking water treatment plants 饮用水处理厂
→ 熟词生义：常见义为“治疗”，文中义为“处理”
五、熟词生义
settle
- v. 定居；解决（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 v. 沉淀，沉积
→ They have settled in the deep sea. 它们沉积在深海。
measure
- v. 测量（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 n. 措施，方法
→ a simple, cheap measure 一种简单廉价的方法
trap
- n. 陷阱；圈套（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 v. 捕获，使困住
→ to trap the plastics 捕获塑料颗粒
filter
- n. 过滤器（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 v. 过滤
→ boiling and filtering it 煮沸并过滤
drop
- v. 掉落；下降（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 n. 下降，减少
→ an almost 90 percent drop in plastics 塑料含量下降近90%
path
- n. 小路，小径（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 n. 道路，途径（抽象含义）
→ a potential path forward 一条潜在的前进道路
raise
- v. 举起；抚养；筹集（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 v. 引发，激起
→ has raised concerns 引发了担忧
treatment
- n. 治疗；对待（常见义）
- ✅ 文中 n. （对水等的）处理
→ drinking water treatment plants 饮用水处理厂
intake
- n. 入口；通风口（字面义）
- ✅ 文中 n. 摄入量
→ a tool to limit intake 限制摄入的一种手段
stomach
- n. 胃；腹部（本义）
- ✅ 文中：filled the stomachs of seabirds
→ 注意：此处为本义使用，但复数形式 stomachs 在阅读中需准确识别
hard
- adj. 坚硬的；困难的（常见义）
- ✅ 文中：hard water 硬水（科学术语，指含较多钙镁离子的水）
→ boiling hard water 煮沸硬水
六、重点短语汇总（阅读积累）
a source of pollution 污染源
settle in 沉积于；定居于
a simple, cheap measure 一种简单廉价的方法
significantly reduce 显著降低
tap water 自来水
boil tap water 煮沸自来水
filter out 过滤掉
at least 至少
rely on 依赖，依靠
calcium carbonate 碳酸钙
trap the plastics 捕获塑料
hard water 硬水
lead to 导致，带来
a 90 percent drop 下降90%
less than 少于，低于
focus on 集中关注
a potential path forward 一条潜在的前进道路
microplastic exposure 微塑料暴露
bottled water 瓶装水
10 to 1,000 times more... than... 比……多10到1000倍
raise concerns 引发担忧
limit intake 限制摄入
be involved in 参与
look into 考虑；调查
upgrade drinking water treatment plants 升级饮用水处理厂
remove microplastics 去除微塑料
七、写作可迁移句子素材
呈现问题的严重性
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth.
微塑料已经成为地球上一种常见的污染源。
仿写：Plastic waste has become a common source of pollution in many coastal cities.
提出简单方案
A simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of pollution.
一种简单廉价的方法可以显著降低污染水平。
仿写：Using public transportation can significantly reduce carbon emissions.
表达"依赖"
This process relies on the water containing enough minerals.
这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的矿物质。
仿写：Success in learning relies on consistent effort rather than talent alone.
表达对比数据
Boiling hard water led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.
煮沸硬水使塑料含量下降了近90%。
仿写：The new policy led to a sharp drop in traffic accidents.
表达"尽管如此"
Still, the findings show a potential path forward.
尽管如此，这些发现指出了一条潜在的前进道路。
仿写：The problem remains serious. Still, we have reasons to be hopeful.
表达"越来越……"
The task is becoming increasingly difficult.
这项任务正变得越来越困难。
仿写：Finding clean drinking water is becoming increasingly challenging in some regions.
表达"引发担忧"
What they do know has raised concerns.
已知的情况已经引发了担忧。
仿写：The rapid spread of misinformation has raised concerns among educators.
表达"考虑/调查"
We should be looking into upgrading the system.
我们应该考虑升级这个系统。
仿写：The government is looking into ways to reduce plastic pollution.
（完）
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